Table 2. Concentrations of various volatile compounds in the commercially harvested grape berries under rain-shelter and open-field cultivation in the 2012 and 2013 vintages (μg L-1).
| Numbers | Compounds | Free compounds | Bound compounds | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||
| Open-field | Rain-shelter | Open-field | Rain-shelter | Open-field | Rain-shelter | Open-field | Rain-shelter | ||
| Fatty acid-derivated volatiles | |||||||||
| ——Alocohol compounds | |||||||||
| a1 | 1-pentanol | 7.32±1.61 | 5.74±0.56 | 2.29±0.30 | 3.10±0.82 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| a2 | 2-heptanol | tr | 0.17±0.01 | tr | tr | 5.61±0.16 | 22.90±0.63 | 3.98±0.93 | 4.36±0.43 |
| a3 | 1-hexanol | 42.62±1.22 | 44.62±0.75 | 154.75±22.85 | 169.55±70.33 | 44.31±1.07 | 305.90±9.40 | 327.31±53.39 | 329.68±14.71 |
| a4 | (E)-3-hexen-1-ol | 1.54±0.26 | 1.85±0.154 | 0.60±0.08 | 0.74±0.15 | 0.58±0.053 | 5.50±0.15 | 0.57±0.21 | 0.59±0.06 |
| a5 | (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol | 3.93±0.65 | 15.20±0.34 | 1.02±0.18 | 1.23±0.18 | 11.25±0.38 | 53.78±0.518 | 3.95±0.66 | 4.07±0.50 |
| a6 | 3-octanol | 1.27±0.00 | 1.27±0.01 | 1.26±0.00 | 1.26±0.00 | tr | tr | 1.95±0.69 | 2.27±0.16 |
| a7 | (E)-2-hexen-1-ol | 2.97±0.22 | 7.70±1.74 | tr | tr | 6.66±0.37 | 22.28±9.02 | 1.321±0.15 | 1.40±0.06 |
| a8 | (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol | 0.49±0.07 | 0.38±0.10 | tr | tr | 0.18±0.02 | 0.79±0.02 | 0.18±0.01 | 0.18±0.01 |
| a9 | 1-octen-3-ol | 1.11±0.00 | 0.93±0.02 | 0.63±0.14 | 0.69±0.22 | 0.96±0.01 | 4.89±0.11 | 0.82±0.13 | 0.86±0.03 |
| a10 | 1-heptanol | 3.85±0.05 | 3.76±0.02 | 3.53±0.03 | 3.55±0.02 | 3.80±0.13 | 17.06±0.88 | 1.74±0.50 | 1.97±0.19 |
| a11 | 1-octanol | 6.11±0.05 | 6.13±0.03 | 5.94±0.02 | 5.97±0.02 | 4.79±0.04 | 20.39±0.68 | 4.34±0.35 | 4.42±0.11 |
| a12 | (E)-2-octen-1-ol | 4.62±0.58 | 4.50±0.46 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.35±0.25 | tr | tr | 2.44±1.21 | 2.95±0.76 |
| a13 | 1-dodecanol | 1.98±0.05 | 1.78±0.01 | 1.68±0.01 | 1.67±0.01 | tr | tr | 2.32±0.03 | 2.33±0.03 |
| a14 | (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol | tr | tr | tr | tr | 15.25±2.75 | 46.57±3.78 | 4.19±1.20 | 5.04±0.83 |
| a15 | 1-decanol | 10±0.10 | 10.05±0.10 | tr | tr | 0.48±0.15 | 2.34±0.61 | 0.30±0.05 | 0.26±0.02 |
| a16 | 2-nonanol | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.29±0.01 | 0.29±0.00 |
| a17 | 2-octanol | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.40±0.01 | 2.30±0.02 | 0.34±0.03 | 0.36±0.01 |
| a18 | 1-butanol | tr | tr | tr | tr | 582.48±7.74 | 690.51±36.07 | 579.03±26.65 | 586.64±8.73 |
| ——Aldehyde compounds | |||||||||
| a19 | hexanal | 9356.40±100.54 | 7872.23±263.65 | 9365.79±543.35 | 9181.83±795.55 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| a20 | (E)-2-hexenal | 18314.60±11.19 | 15473.53±223.16 | 14495.44±958.25 | 15051.73±964.25 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| a21 | octanal | 5.31±0.02 | 5.05±0.05 | 4.95±0.07 | 4.35±0.14 | 5.94±0.47 | tr | 4.74±0.26 | 4.55±0.09 |
| a22 | (E)-2-heptenal | 10.42±0.84 | 8.27±0.15 | 2.47±0.28 | 3.06±0.51 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| a23 | decanal | 1.06±0.04 | 1.02±0.03 | 0.74±0.03 | 0.64±0.04 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| a24 | (E)-2-octenal | 7.80±0.24 | 10.75±3.12 | tr | tr | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| a25 | nononal | 11.21±0.05 | 10.89±0.04 | 10.87±0.11 | 10.86±0.07 | 0.83±0.11 | 3.24±0.06 | 0.65±0.07 | 0.58±0.03 |
| ——Acid compound | |||||||||
| a26 | hexanoic acid | 92.29±1.3 | 78.65±0.35 | 75.78±0.31 | 76.07±1.72 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| ——Ester compounds | |||||||||
| a27 | ethyl hexanoate | 2.79±0.05 | 3.05±0.23 | 2.70±0.01 | 2.72±0.01 | 0.94±0.84 | 5.34±0.47 | tr | tr |
| a28 | hexyl acetate | 5.46±0.01 | 5.45±0.02 | 5.42±0.01 | 5.42±0.02 | tr | 6.56±0.26 | tr | tr |
| a29 | (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, acetate | 5.69±0.04 | 5.72±0.02 | 5.45±0.01 | 5.47±0.03 | tr | tr | 1.81±0.07 | 1.82±0.02 |
| a30 | ethyl octanoate | 4.89±0.42 | 7.87±1.11 | 4.29±0.00 | 4.32±0.02 | 2.88±3.07 | 4.74±2.96 | tr | tr |
| a31 | ethyl decanoate | 2.99±0.03 | 3.04±0.08 | 0.48±1.18 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
| a32 | butyl butyrate | 2.81±0.01 | 2.79±0.01 | 2.72±0.00 | 2.72±0.01 | tr | tr | 3.09±0.17 | 3.13±0.13 |
| Amino acid-derivated volatiles | |||||||||
| ——Benzenoids | |||||||||
| b1 | styrene | 9.91±0.02 | 10.03±0.04 | 8.48±0.06 | 8.70±0.07 | 4.82±0.17 | 4.78±0.32 | 3.89±0.08 | 3.95±0.03 |
| b2 | furfural | 1.37±0.01 | 1.29±0.07 | 1.14±0.02 | 1.15±0.02 | 5.12±0.30 | 5.03±0.03 | tr | tr |
| b3 | benzaldehyde | 41.87±2.56 | 17.31±0.25 | 39.81±5.68 | tr | 6.79±3.67 | 4.90±0.14 | 18.31±0.37 | 18.23±0.99 |
| b4 | 5-methyl furfural | 8.62±0.09 | 8.44±0.02 | 8.46±0.02 | 8.48±0.02 | tr | tr | tr | tr |
| b5 | benzylethylaldehy | 24.39±0.30 | 18.45±0.23 | 35.42±3.30 | 36.87±4.14 | 4.25±0.68 | 4.05±0.34 | 5.26±0.17 | 4.93±1.95 |
| b6 | ethyl benzoate | 1.98±0.01 | 1.93±0.00 | 1.88±0.01 | 1.88±0.01 | tr | tr | tr | tr |
| b7 | naphthalene | 8.76±0.11 | 6.21±0.23 | 5.65±0.32 | 6.98±0.50 | 15.52±1.49 | 10.02±0.46 | 7.70±1.27 | 7.76±0.93 |
| b8 | TDN | tr | tr | tr | tr | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| b9 | ethyl salicylate | tr | tr | tr | tr | 1.23±0.01 | 1.23±0.00 | tr | tr |
| b10 | methyl salicylate | 5.96±0.01 | 6.3±0.04 | 5.61±0.01 | 5.62±0.01 | tr | tr | 0.75±0.02 | 0.78±0.04 |
| b11 | benzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethyl | 25.20±0.05 | 24.87±0.01 | 25.04±0.10 | 25.11±0.09 | 5.65±1.88 | 9.21±1.67 | 3.19±0.01 | 3.16±0 |
| b12 | benzyl alcohol | 16.55±0.43 | 16.03±0.08 | 14.94±0.10 | 15.29±0.22 | 261.64±12.82 | 239.03±16.75 | 168.09±4.92 | 119.07±9.25 |
| b13 | aphthalene,1-methyl- | 10.72±0.12 | 10.65±0.01 | 10.60±0.01 | 10.63±0.01 | 3.41±0.18 | 2.05±0.09 | 2.57±0.51 | 2.71±0.21 |
| b14 | 2-phenylethanol | 125.45±0.09 | 124.67±1.27 | 123.60±0.04 | 123.69±0.6 | 332.92±11.22 | 330.33±0.92 | 267.62±8.20 | 264.40±3.27 |
| b15 | 4-methylphenol | 10.63±0.11 | 10.58±0.01 | 10.53±0.01 | 10.53±0.01 | 6.80±0.700 | 4.94±0.34 | tr | tr |
| b16 | 2,6-diterbutyl-4-methyl phenol | tr | tr | tr | tr | 2.66±0.03 | 2.72±0.03 | 0.52±0.13 | 0.57±0.08 |
| b17 | 4-ethyl phenol | tr | tr | 8.77±4.29 | 10.52±0.01 | 0.91±0.05 | 3.75±1.05 | 0.62±0.05 | 0.64±0.02 |
| b18 | phenol | 4.45±0.14 | 3.64±0.01 | 2.85±0.03 | 2.96±0.07 | 2.03±0.31 | 1.09±0.04 | 2.64±0.01 | 2.64±0.00 |
| ——Branched-chain aliphatics | |||||||||
| c1 | 2-ethyl-1-hexanol | 1.25±0.01 | 1.25±0.01 | 1.23±0.02 | 1.26±0.01 | 2.80±0.08 | 17.98±0.32 | 2.59±0.35 | 2.69±0.04 |
| c2 | 4-methyl-1-pentanol | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.52±0.095 | 11.36±0.17 | 0.36±0.10 | 0.40±0.02 |
| Isoprenoid-derivated volatiles | |||||||||
| ——Terpenoids | |||||||||
| d1 | β-myrcene | tr | tr | tr | tr | 17.88±0.07 | 17.78±0.05 | 18.03±0.29 | 17.95±0.09 |
| d2 | D-limonene | 8.36±0.09 | 11.61±0.01 | 8.27±0.14 | 8.30±0.07 | 2.90±0.27 | 2.66±0.28 | 3.27±0.34 | 3.21±0.03 |
| d3 | p-cymene | tr | tr | tr | tr | 5.57±0.03 | 5.59±0.01 | 5.54±0.02 | 5.54±0.01 |
| d4 | TCH | tr | tr | 4.18±0.00 | 3.48±1.71 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| d5 | γ-terpinene | tr | tr | tr | tr | 2.05±0.42 | 1.92±1.51 | 2.79±0.75 | 2.65±0.23 |
| d6 | terpinolene | tr | 5.28±0.01 | 5.29±0.03 | 5.29±0.02 | 4.25±0.03 | tr | 4.29±0.03 | 4.29±0.01 |
| d7 | (Z)-furan linalool oxide | 1.48±0.04 | 1.20±0.01 | 0.42±0.09 | 19.50±0.17 | 1.63±0.16 | 2.91±0.11 | 1.52±0.17 | 1.57±0.37 |
| d8 | (E)-furan linalool oxide | tr | tr | 0.18±0.04 | 0.16±0.01 | 0.70±0.07 | 1.25±0.05 | 0.65±0.07 | 0.61±0.052 |
| d9 | nerol oxide | tr | tr | 1.76±0.01 | 1.77±0.01 | 0.27±0.01 | 0.15±0.00 | 0.24±0.02 | 0.25±0.02 |
| d10 | linalool | 27.87±0.09 | 28.70±0.05 | 27.85±0.42 | 27.86±0.25 | 7.09±0.11 | 12.77±0.28 | 8.37±2.12 | 7.79±0.30 |
| d11 | 4-terpinenol | 6.24±0.01 | 6.25±0.01 | 6.21±0.00 | 6.21±0.01 | 0.78±0.01 | 0.86±0.01 | 0.74±0.03 | 0.75±0.01 |
| d12 | hotrienol | 26.33±0.11 | 26.52±0.32 | 26.27±0.01 | 26.28±0.01 | 9.37±0.01 | 9.37±0.01 | tr | tr |
| d13 | β-cyclocitral | 4.2±0.00 | 4.2±0.00 | 4.18±0.00 | 4.18±0.01 | tr | tr | tr | tr |
| d14 | menthol | 6.37±0.02 | 6.35±0.02 | 6.36±0.17 | 6.27±0.04 | 1.31±0.03 | 1.09±0.03 | 0.97±0.11 | 1.02±0.08 |
| d15 | α-terpineol | 6.36±0.12 | 6.46±0.01 | 6.28±0.04 | tr | tr | 1.96±0.05 | 0.44±0.05 | 0.45±0.02 |
| d16 | geranial | 0.99±0.08 | 0.94±0.04 | tr | tr | 1.41±0.02 | 1.94±0.19 | 1.28±0.05 | 1.29±0.02 |
| d17 | benzenemethanol | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.70±0.08 | 0.66±0.00 | tr | tr |
| d18 | neral | tr | tr | tr | tr | 3.48±0.05 | 3.36±0.01 | 3.38±0.02 | 3.39±0.01 |
| d19 | nerol | 3.72±0.10 | 3.86±0.02 | tr | tr | 10.09±0.17 | 9.67±0.12 | 7.89±0.59 | 7.83±0.22 |
| d20 | geraniol | tr | tr | tr | tr | 17.76±0.32 | 24.51±0.45 | 9.62±0.88 | 9.41±0.38 |
| ——Norisoprenoids | |||||||||
| f1 | 5-hepten-2-one,6-methyl | 4.40±0.14 | 4.23±0.02 | 4.19±0.01 | 4.19±0.01 | 1.55±0.13 | 1.16±0.01 | 1.42±0.21 | 1.41±0.02 |
| f2 | β-damascenone | 5.26±0.34 | 4.73±0.01 | 4.49±0.17 | 4.67±0.40 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| f3 | α-ionone | tr | tr | 3.33±0.00 | 3.33±0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| f4 | geranylacetone | 3.66±1.50 | 1.92±0.89 | 0.88±0.04 | 0.87±0.04 | 2.04±0.06 | 1.80±0.01 | 1.94±0.14 | 1.84±0.09 |
| f5 | β-ionone | 4.27±0.01 | 4.25±0.01 | 4.18±0.00 | 4.19±0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
tr: trace; nd: not detected
Bold & underline represents that the compund concentration has statistically-significant difference between the rain-shelter and open-field grapes in the same vintage (p<0.05)