|
“Systematic review” or “meta-analysis” used in the title or abstract
|
50% ↑ 85% |
39% ↓ 33% |
68% ↑ 95% |
50% ↑ 93% |
65% ↑ 97% |
35% ↑ 86% |
|
SR protocol mentioned
|
46% ↓ 26% |
98% = 98% |
11% ↑ 22% |
8% ↓ 4% |
4% ↑ 6% |
22% ↓ 7% |
|
Eligible publication status
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Both published and unpublished studies |
41% ↓ 39% |
69% ↑ 91% |
22% ↑ 41% |
18% = 18% |
22% ↓ 18% |
30% ↓ 24% |
| Only published studies |
23% ↑ 27% |
6% ↓ 4% |
33% ↓ 28% |
47% ↓ 34% |
26% ↑ 27% |
28% ↑ 38% |
| Not reported |
36% ↓ 34% |
26% ↓ 4% |
45% ↓ 30% |
34% ↑ 49% |
52% ↑ 55% |
41% ↓ 38% |
|
Eligible languages
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| All languages considered |
37% ↑ 43% |
62% ↑ 82% |
26% ↑ 40% |
13% ↑ 39% |
17% ↑ 30% |
15% ↑ 17% |
| English only |
16% ↑ 31% |
1% ↑ 2% |
31% ↑ 37% |
26% ↑ 30% |
30% ↑ 36% |
26% ↑ 45% |
| Mixed (English and a specific language other than English) |
2% ↑ 10% |
0% ↑ 2% |
3% ↑ 8% |
5% ↑ 14% |
9% ↑ 15% |
4% ↑ 21% |
| Not reported |
45% ↓ 16% |
37% ↓ 13% |
40% ↓ 15% |
55% ↓ 18% |
44% ↓ 18% |
54% ↓ 17% |
|
Eligibility criteria based on study designs reported
|
72% ↑ 79% |
100% = 100% |
63% ↑ 87% |
39% ↑ 76% |
27% ↑ 52% |
55% ↓ 52% |
|
Number of databases searched
|
3 ↑ 4 |
4 ↑ 5 |
2 ↑ 3 |
2 ↑ 3 |
2 ↑ 3 |
3 ↑ 5 |
|
Years of coverage reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Both start and end dates are reported for all databases |
69% ↓ 65% |
83% ↑ 91% |
58% ↑ 66% |
55% ↓ 53% |
70% ↓ 58% |
63% ↑ 66% |
| Partially—start and end dates are reported for only one of many databases, or only the end date is reported for all databases |
16% ↑ 29% |
12% ↓ 9% |
21% ↑ 29% |
13% ↑ 41% |
9% ↑ 39% |
20% ↑ 21% |
|
Search terms reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Full Boolean search logic reported for one or more databases |
42% ↑ 45% |
78% ↑ 98% |
18% ↑ 34% |
11% ↑ 35% |
17% ↑ 39% |
28% ↑ 34% |
| Main index terms (e.g., MeSH) reported |
17% ↓ 12% |
11% ↓ 0% |
22% ↓ 14% |
18% ↓ 14% |
17% ↓ 15% |
22% ↓ 10% |
| Free text words reported |
26% ↑ 46% |
9% ↓ 0% |
35% ↑ 54% |
40% ↑ 55% |
48% ↑ 54% |
37% ↑ 48% |
| No search terms reported |
12% ↓ 5% |
1% ↓ 0% |
22% ↓ 1% |
26% ↓ 3% |
13% ↓ 3% |
11% ↓ 7% |
|
Study risk of bias/quality formally assessed
|
67% ↑ 70% |
100% = 100% |
49% ↑ 74% |
30% ↑ 59% |
13% ↑ 67% |
42% ↓ 38% |
|
Review flow reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Completely in PRISMA-like flow diagram |
7% ↑ 69% |
4% ↑ 51% |
11% ↑ 79% |
8% ↑ 62% |
4% ↑ 79% |
7% ↑ 59% |
| Completely in text/table only |
35% ↓ 7% |
38% ↓ 11% |
35% ↓ 4% |
24% ↓ 8% |
39% ↓ 6% |
44% ↓ 7% |
| Partially reported |
33% ↓ 13% |
48% ↓ 16% |
19% ↓ 12% |
24% ↓ 15% |
22% ↓ 6% |
22% ↓ 14% |
| Not reported |
31% ↓ 12% |
14% ↑ 22% |
43% ↓ 5% |
53% ↓ 15% |
39% ↓ 9% |
35% ↓ 21% |
|
Reasons for exclusion of full text articles reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reasons for all excluded articles reported in text/table or PRISMA-like flow diagram |
48% ↑ 70% |
60% ↑ 87% |
45% ↑ 69% |
23% ↑ 54% |
43% ↑ 76% |
46% ↓ 45% |
| Partially—reasons for only some excluded articles reported |
40% ↓ 9% |
39% ↓ 9% |
38% ↓ 8% |
50% ↓ 18% |
30% ↓ 3% |
35% ↓ 3% |
| Not reported for any articles |
17% ↑ 20% |
2% ↓ 0% |
25% ↓ 19% |
32% ↓ 26% |
30% ↓ 12% |
26% ↑ 52% |
|
Primary outcome specified
|
51% ↓ 47% |
77% ↑ 96% |
37% ↑ 48% |
25% ↑ 40% |
15% ↑ 18% |
24% ↓ 3% |
|
Statistical heterogeneity investigated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Using statistical methods or qualitatively assessed (e.g., via narrative discussion) |
68% ↑ 69% |
93% ↓ 73% |
54% ↑ 72% |
47% ↑ 70% |
45% ↑ 85% |
46% ↓ 28% |
| Using statistical methods when meta-analysis performed |
91% ↑ 93% |
100% = 100% |
83% ↑ 91% |
79% ↑ 92% |
73% ↑ 96% |
92% ↓ 60% |
|
Risk of publication bias assessed (or intent to assess)
|
23% ↑ 43% |
32% ↑ 78% |
18% ↑ 39% |
18% ↑ 45% |
9% ↑ 45% |
12% ↓ 3% |
|
Possibility of publication bias discussed/considered in results, discussion, or conclusion
|
31% ↑ 47% |
39% ↑ 64% |
31% ↑ 46% |
29% ↑ 50% |
18% ↑ 55% |
14% ↓ 7% |
|
Source of funding of the SR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-profit |
48% ↓ 47% |
65% ↑ 84% |
36% ↑ 40% |
26% ↑ 41% |
26% ↑ 27% |
41% ↑ 59% |
| For-profit |
2% ↑ 3% |
1% ↓ 0% |
5% ↓ 3% |
3% ↓ 3% |
0% = 0% |
2% ↑ 10% |
| Mixed |
6% ↓ 1% |
7% ↓ 0% |
6% ↓ 1% |
5% ↓ 1% |
9% ↓ 0% |
4% ↓ 0% |
| Authors specified there was no funding |
1% ↑ 13% |
0% ↑ 11% |
2% ↑ 12% |
0% ↑ 15% |
0% ↑ 21% |
2% ↑ 7% |
| Not reported |
41% ↓ 36% |
19% ↓ 4% |
50% ↓ 45% |
66% ↓ 41% |
65% ↓ 51% |
50% ↓ 24% |
