Table 3. Association between Cryptosporidium (by EIA) and MSD from age 0–23 months by site during four years of surveillance: matched unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted attributable fractions (AF) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)^*.

Site and age group (months)	Number of MSD cases	Number (%) of cases positive for Cryptosporidium	Number of controls	Number (%) of controls positive for Cryptosporidium	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	P1	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P2	Adjusted AF (95% CI)
Gambia
<6	86	7 (8.1)	123	6 (4.9)	1.60 (0.50–5.18)	0.43	1.99 (0.58–6.82)	0.28	4.0 (-3.0–11.1)
6–11	434	76 (17.5)	660	43 (6.5)	4.00 (2.47–6.47)	<0.0001	4.41 (2.65–7.35)	<0.0001	13.5 (9.3–17.8)
12–17	338	45 (13.3)	478	25 (5.2)	2.87 (1.62–5.08)	0.0003	2.61 (1.38–4.92)	0.003	8.2 (3.5–13.0)
18–23	271	30 (11.1)	416	20 (4.8)	2.48 (1.34–4.61)	0.004	3.23 (1.59–6.53)	0.001	7.6 (3.1–12.2)
Mali
<6	230	26 (11.3)	230	4 (1.7)	7.29 (2.34–22.71)	0.0006	6.59 (2.07–20.95)	0.001	9.6 (5.1–14.1)
6–11	731	134 (18.3)	731	62 (8.5)	2.58 (1.83–3.64)	<0.0001	3.76 (2.48–5.70) (Giardia absent)3 1.24 (0.56–2.77) (Giardia present)3	<0.0001 0.59	12.3 (8.7–15.8)
12–17	527	60 (11.4)	533	40 (7.5)	1.70 (1.07–2.71)	0.025	1.81 (1.10–2.98)	0.019	5.1 (1.1–9.1)
18–23	384	26 (6.8)	391	24 (6.1)	1.10 (0.60–2.01)	0.76	1.06 (0.56–2.02)	0.85	0.4 (-3.9–4.7)
Mozambique
<6	153	22 (14.4)	293	26 (8.9)	2.29 (1.18–4.43)	0.014	2.41 (1.17–4.98)	0.018	8.4 (2.0–14.8)
6–11	286	65 (22.7)	589	52 (8.8)	3.67 (2.32–5.83)	<0.0001	5.71 (3.32–9.82)	<0.0001	18.7 (13.2–24.3)
12–17	155	28 (18.1)	330	32 (9.7)	2.45 (1.35–4.42)	0.003	2.30 (1.19–4.44)	0.013	10.2 (2.7–17.8)
18–23	82	11 (13.4)	187	19 (10.2)	1.70 (0.74–3.91)	0.21	1.80 (0.70–4.63)	0.22	6.0 (-4.0–16.0)
Kenya
<6	306	37 (12.1)	329	17 (5.2)	2.44 (1.33–4.46)	0.004	3.09 (1.55–6.16)	0.001	8.2 (3.7–12.7)
6–11	523	82 (15.7)	567	35 (6.2)	2.79 (1.81–4.31)	<0.0001	3.31 (2.08–5.27)	<0.0001	10.9 (7.2–14.7)
12–17	313	38 (12.1)	516	26 (5.0)	3.06 (1.75–5.37)	<0.0001	3.75 (2.02–6.95)	<0.0001	8.9 (4.7–13.1)
18–23	178	16 (9.0)	292	13 (4.5)	2.29 (1.02–5.17)	0.045	2.43 (1.01–5.86)	0.048	5.3 (-0.1–10.7)
India
<6	298	45 (15.1)	301	22 (7.3)	2.35 (1.33–4.13)	0.003	2.44 (1.34–4.44)	0.003	8.9 (3.5–14.3)
6–11	580	89 (15.3)	591	38 (6.4)	2.97 (1.91–4.63)	<0.0001	3.22 (1.90–5.47)	<0.0001	10.6 (6.6–14.6)
12–17	458	65 (14.2)	473	33 (7.0)	2.20 (1.40–3.47)	0.0007	2.19 (1.23–3.87)	0.007	7.7 (2.9–12.5)
18–23	294	43 (14.6)	305	31 (10.2)	1.59 (0.91–2.77)	0.11	2.09 (0.99–4.40)	0.054	7.6 (0.9–14.3)
Bangladesh
<6	165	7 (4.2)	272	10 (3.7)	1.21 (0.44–3.33)	0.70	0.92 (0.31–2.76)	0.88	-0.4 (-4.5–3.8)
6–11	507	48 (9.5)	850	28 (3.3)	3.06 (1.91–4.93)	<0.0001	4.39 (2.15–8.96) (C. jejuni absent)4 0.79 (0.24–2.59) (C. jejuni present)4	<0.00010.70	5.7 (2.3–9.1)
12–17	341	19 (5.6)	569	18 (3.2)	1.97 (0.99–3.94)	0.054	2.23 (0.76–6.54)	0.14	3.1 (-1.1–7.2)
18–23	238	16 (6.7)	398	14 (3.5)	1.77 (0.84–3.73)	0.13	0.65 (0.15–2.78)	0.56	-3.6 (-16.1–9.0)
Pakistan
<6	315	35 (11.1)	315	27 (8.6)	1.33 (0.78–2.25)	0.30	1.43 (0.77–2.65)	0.26	3.3 (-1.8–8.5)
6–11	473	76 (16.1)	473	45 (9.5)	1.81 (1.22–2.68)	0.003	2.91 (1.71–4.93) (Aeromonas absent)5 0.64 (0.16–2.60) (Aeromonas present)5	<0.0001 0.54	8.5 (3.3–13.7)
12–17	314	31 (9.9)	550	33 (6.0)	1.81 (1.04–3.14)	0.036	2.32 (1.24–4.34)	0.009	5.6 (1.6–9.6)
18–23	198	25 (12.6)	352	18 (5.1)	2.48 (1.28–4.79)	0.007	3.09 (1.47–6.50)	0.003	8.5 (3.3–13.8)

* Table 3 includes data only from study children with Cryptosporidium results. EIA: enzyme immunoassay

¹ These p-values were obtained from unadjusted conditional logistic regression analysis.

² These p-values were obtained from adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis.

³ There is an interaction (P < 0.1) between Cryptosporidium and Giardia for Mali at age 6–11 months.

⁴ There is an interaction (P < 0.1) between Cryptosporidium and C. jejuni for Bangladesh at age 6–11 months.

⁵ There is an interaction (P < 0.1) between Cryptosporidium and Aeromonas for Pakistan at age 6–11 months.