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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2016 Feb 13;79(3):354–365. doi: 10.1002/ana.24570

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Low-voltage, fast ictal discharges can occur spontaneously or be triggered by optogenetic activation of parvalbumin interneurons. (A) Spontaneous ictal discharges occurring during bath application of 4-aminopyridine (4AP); 1 event is further expanded to show the onset pattern (asterisk). (B) Ictal discharges evoked by 1-second light pulses at 0.2Hz during bath application of 4AP; 1 of these events is further expanded to compare the onset patterns (asterisk). Note that in both A and B, the ictal discharge is preceded by 1 or 2 negative-going interictal field potentials (arrows). (C, D) Quantification of the duration and interval of occurrence of the spontaneous and stimulated ictal events recorded in these experiments (*p < 0.05).