Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2016 Feb 13;79(3):354–365. doi: 10.1002/ana.24570

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Hypersynchronous (HYP) ictal discharges can be triggered by optogenetic activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase principal neurons. (A) Spontaneous ictal discharges occurring during bath application of 4-aminopyridine (4AP); 1 of the events is further expanded to show the onset pattern (asterisk). (B) Ictal discharges evoked by 20-millisecond light pulses at 2Hz during bath application of 4AP; 1 of these events is further expanded to compare the onset pattern (asterisk). Note that in B, the ictal discharge is preceded by repeated spiking that is characteristic of HYP seizure onset (1 of these spikes is indicated by an arrow). (C, D) Plots of the duration and interval of occurrence of spontaneous and stimulated ictal events. Note that the stimulated HYP onset discharges were shorter than the spontaneous low-voltage, fast discharges (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).