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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: CNS Drugs. 2009;23(7):555–568. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200923070-00002

Table I.

Effect of lacosamide (LCM), carbamazepine (CBZ), lamotrigine (LTG) and phenytoin (PHT) on sodium current parameters (all drugs at a concentration of 100 μmol/L). Lacosamide differs from the other antiepileptic drugs because of the lack of effects on fast inactivation and on time to recovery from fast activation

Sodium current parameter Antiepileptic drugs
References
CBZ LTG PHT LCM
Reduction in the peak current +++ ++ ++ ++ 27–29
Depolarizing shift of V50 a activation − − −b − 30–33
Hyperpolarizing shift of V50a fast inactivation ++++ +++ + − 28,33
Hyperpolarizing shift of V50a slow inactivation ++ +++ +++ ++++ 27,33
10 Hz frequency- dependent facilitation of block + + + − 27,33
Slowed recovery time from fast inactivation ++ ++ ++ − 27,33
Slowed recovery time from slow inactivation − NR NR − 33
a

V50 indicates the membrane potential where 50% of the processes described (activation and fast or slow inactivation, respectively) are operating.

b

Effect with PHT 10 μmol/L.

NR = not reported; − indicates no effect (0–10% change; <3 mV); + indicates small effect (10–35% change; 3–7 mV); ++ indicates moderate effect (35–60% change; 8–11 mV); +++ indicates large effect (60–85% change; 12–16 mV): ++++ indicates almost complete effect (>85% change; >17 mV).