Table 2.
Immunophenotypic markers used to study MRD in children with ALL.
| ALL lineage | Type of phenotypic abnormality | Markers | Frequency (%)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | Overexpression or underexpression of markers also expressed in normal B-cell progenitors | CD19/CD34/CD10/TdT | 30–50 |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD22 | 20–30 | ||
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD38 | 30–50 | ||
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD45 | 30–50 | ||
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD58 | 40–60 | ||
| Expression of markers not expressed in normal B-cell progenitors (aberrant marker) | CD19/CD34/CD10/CD13 | 10–20 | |
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD15 | 5–10 | ||
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD33 | 5–10 | ||
| CD19/CD34CD34/CD10/CD65 | 5–10 | ||
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD56 | 5–10 | ||
| CD19/CD34/CD10/CD66c | 10–20 | ||
| CD19/CD34/CD10/7.1 | 3–5 | ||
| Expression of markers expressed at different stages of normal B-cell maturation | CD19/CD34/CD10/CD21 | 5–10 | |
| CD19/CD34/TdT/cytoplasmic heavy chain μ | 10–20 | ||
| T | Phenotypes normally confined to the thymus | TdT/CD3 | 90–95 |
| CD34/CD3 | 30–50 | ||
a
Proportion of childhood ALL cases in which 1 leukemic cell in 104 normal bone marrow cells can be detected with the listed immunophenotypic combination. Most cases express more than one combination useful for MRD studies.
Adapted from Dario Campana. Leukemia and Lymphoma: Detection of Minimal Residual Disease. 2nd ed. 2003. p. 21–36.