Table 2.

Studies that found particular risk factors to be significant for anxiety and depression during pregnancy, in chronological order.

Psychological-psychiatric factors
Personal history of mental illness/psychiatric treatment	Marcus et al. (2003)	Rich-Edwards et al. (2006)	Edwards et al. (2008)	Bowen et al. (2009)	Bunevicius et al. (2009)	Faisal-Cury et al. (2009)	Marchesi et al. (2009)
Nasreen et al. (2011)	Balestrieri et al. (2012)	Giardinelli et al. (2012)	Manikkam and Burns (2012)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Redshaw and Henderson (2013)	Akcal et al. (2014)
Marchesi et al. (2014)	Rubertsson et al. (2014)	Verreault et al. (2014)	Lydsdottir et al. (2014)	Raisanen et al. (2014)	Martini et al. (2015)	Shakeel et al. (2015)
Bayrampour et al. (2015)
Current/past alcohol use	Marcus et al. (2003)	Lee et al. (2007)
Current/past smoking	Marcus et al. (2003)	Bottomley and Lancaster (2008)	Bowen et al. (2009)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Abuidhail and Abujilban (2014)	Raisanen et al. (2014)	Fellenzer and Cibula (2014)
Rubertsson et al. (2014)	Lydsdottir et al. (2014)	Smedberg et al. (2015)
Current substance use during pregnancy	Holzman et al. (2006)	Fellenzer and Cibula (2014)
Childhood abuse	Mezey et al. (2005)	Groves et al. (2012)	Fisher et al. (2013)	Robertson-Blackmore et al. (2013)	Plant et al. (2013)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Seng et al. (2014)
Brittain et al. (2015)
Quality/style of parenting during childhood	Simpson et al. (2003)	Grant et al. (2012)	Jeong et al. (2013)
Family history of psychiatric illness	Jeong et al. (2013)	Lydsdottir et al. (2014)
Social support & marital relationship factors
Lack of partner/social support	Rubertsson et al. (2003)	Zelkowitz et al. (2004)	Jesse et al. (2005)	Bowen and Muhajarine (2006a, 2006b)	Rich-Edwards et al. (2006)	Adewuya et al. (2007)	Elsenbruch et al. (2007)
Records and Rice (2007)	Westdahl et al. (2007)	Ginsburg et al. (2008)	Leigh and Milgrom (2008)	Bowen et al. (2009)	Faisal-Cury et al. (2009)	Golbasi et al. (2010)
Hartley et al. (2011)	Nasreen et al. (2011)	Groves et al. (2012)	Dibaba et al. (2013)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Yanikkerem et al. (2013)	Lydsdottir et al. (2014)
Marchesi et al. (2014)	Stewart et al. (2014)	Agostini et al. (2015)	Bayrampour et al. (2015)	Martini et al. (2015)	Ratcliff et al. (2015)	Srinivasan et al. (2015)
Waqas et al. (2015)
Social conflict	Westdahl et al. (2007)
Problematic/dissatisfied relationship	Zelkowitz et al. (2004)	Records and Rice (2007)	Marchesi et al. (2009)	Nasreen et al. (2011)	Giardinelli et al. (2012)	Martini et al. (2015)	Srinivasan et al. (2015)
History of abuse/domestic violence	Jesse et al. (2005)	Mezey et al. (2005)	Holzman et al. (2006)	Martin et al. (2006)	Edwards et al. (2008)	Leigh and Milgrom (2008)	Rodriguez et al. (2008)
Karmaliani et al. (2009)	Fisher et al. (2010)	Melville et al. (2010)	Gavin et al. (2011)	Hartley et al. (2011)	Nasreen et al. (2011)	Rich-Edwards et al. (2011)
Ali et al. (2012)	Groves et al. (2012)	Miszkurka et al. (2012)	Dibaba et al. (2013)	Fisher et al. (2013)	Mahenge et al. (2013)	Akcal et al. (2014)
Lydsdottir et al. (2014)	Stewart et al. (2014)	Verreault et al. (2014)	Waqas et al. (2015)	Martini et al. (2015)	Brittain et al. (2015)	Fonseca-Machado Mde et al. (2015)
Single mother/partner non living in the house	Marcus et al. (2003)	Rubertsson et al. (2003)	Mezey et al. (2005)	Rich-Edwards et al. (2006)	Adewuya et al. (2007)	Faisal-Cury and Rossi Menezes (2007)	Figueiredo et al. (2007)
Melville et al. (2010)	Balestrieri et al. (2012)	Manikkam and Burns (2012)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Raisanen et al. (2014)	Weobong et al. (2014)	Brittain et al. (2015)
Socio-demographic & economic factors
Young age	Rubertsson et al. (2003)	Glazier et al. (2004)	Rich-Edwards et al. (2006)	Figueiredo et al. (2007)	Lee et al. (2007)	Lanzi et al. (2009)	Qiao et al. (2009)
Hartley et al. (2011)	Bodecs et al. (2013)	Fellenzer and Cibula (2014)	Raisanen et al. (2014)	Rubertsson et al. (2014)	Martini et al. (2015)
Older age	Faisal-Cury et al. (2009)	Luke et al. (2009)	Golbasi et al. (2010)	Gavin et al. (2011)	Nasreen et al. (2011)	Ali et al. (2012)	Fisher et al. (2013)
Yanikkerem et al. (2013)	Raisanen et al. (2014)	Weobong et al. (2014)
Low education level	Marcus et al. (2003)	Glazier et al. (2004)	Faisal-Cury and Rossi Menezes (2007)	Bunevicius et al. (2009)	Qiao et al. (2009)	Gavin et al. (2011)	Husain et al. (2011)
Nasreen et al. (2011)	Bodecs et al. (2013)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Yanikkerem et al. (2013)	Abujilban et al. (2014)	Abuidhail and Abujilban (2014)	Dmitrovic et al. (2014)
Fellenzer and Cibula (2014)	Lydsdottir et al. (2014)	Martini et al. (2015)
Higher education level	Karmaliani et al. (2009)	Stewart et al. (2014)
Unemployment	Marcus et al. (2003)	Rubertsson et al. (2003)	Faisal-Cury et al. (2009)	Giardinelli et al. (2012)	Bodecs et al. (2013)	Dibaba et al. (2013)	Lydsdottir et al. (2014)
Rubertsson et al. (2014)
Housewife status	Marchesi et al. (2009)	Balestrieri et al. (2012)	Yanikkerem et al. (2013)
Workplace adversity	Cooklin et al. (2007)
Partner unemployment	Karmaliani et al. (2009)	Husain et al. (2011)	Akcal et al. (2014)	Srinivasan et al. (2015)
Black/Latina/Asian ethnic group	Faisal-Cury and Rossi Menezes (2007)	Melville et al. (2010)	Gavin et al. (2011)	Redshaw and Henderson (2013)	Fellenzer and Cibula (2014)	Verreault et al. (2014)	Shakeel et al. (2015)
Low income/financial hardships	Glazier et al. (2004)	Holzman et al. (2006)	Rich-Edwards et al. (2006)	Faisal-Cury and Rossi Menezes (2007)	Leigh and Milgrom (2008)	Fisher et al. (2010)	Hartley et al. (2011)
Husain et al. (2011)	Bodecs et al. (2013)	Fisher et al. (2013)	Prady et al. (2013)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Lydsdottir et al. (2014)	Weobong et al. (2014)
	Zeng et al. (2015)
Adverse events in life and perceived stress
Adverse events in life and perceived stress	Rubertsson et al. (2003)	Zayas et al. (2003)	Glazier et al. (2004)	Zelkowitz et al. (2004)	Jesse et al. (2005)	Holzman et al. (2006)	Leigh and Milgrom (2008)
Bowen et al. (2009)	Bunevicius et al. (2009)	Fisher et al. (2010)	Melville et al. (2010)	Woods et al. (2010)	Husain et al. (2012)	Fisher et al. (2013)
Gavin et al. (2011)	Abujilban et al. (2014)	Verreault et al. (2014)	Bayrampour et al. (2015)	Brittain et al. (2015)	Ratcliff et al. (2015)	Shakeel et al. (2015)
Obstetric and pregnancy related factors
Unplanned/unwanted pregnancy	Rich-Edwards et al. (2006)	Lee et al. (2007)	Bunevicius et al. (2009)	Marchesi et al. (2009)	Karmaliani et al. (2009)	Golbasi et al. (2010)	Mohammad et al. (2011)
Manikkam and Burns (2012)	Giardinelli et al. (2012)	Ajinkya et al. (2013)	Dibaba et al. (2013)	Jeong et al. (2013)	Redshaw and Henderson (2013)	Yanikkerem et al. (2013)
Fellenzer and Cibula (2014)	Akcal et al. (2014)	Weobong et al. (2014)	Waqas et al. (2015)	Martini et al. (2015)	Brittain et al (2015)	Mohamad Yusuff et al. (2015)
Bayrampour et al. (2015)
Multiparity	Lanzi et al. (2009)	Golbasi et al. (2010)	Yanikkerem et al. (2013)	Redshaw and Henderson (2013)	Abuidhail and Abujilban (2014)
Primiparity/nulliparity	Ali et al. (2012)	Fisher et al. (2013)	Raisanen et al. (2014)
Primigravida	Karmaliani et al. (2009)
Multigravida	Records and Rice (2007)	Ajinkya et al. (2013)
History/occurrence of pregnancy complications/pregnancy loss	Rubertsson et al. (2003)	Armstrong (2004)	Adewuya et al. (2007)	Faisal-Cury and Rossi Menezes (2007)	Bergner et al. (2008)	Faisal-Cury et al. (2009)	Golbasi et al. (2010)
	Husain et al. (2011)	Ali et al. (2012)	Ajinkya et al. (2013)	Fisher et al. (2013)	Gong et al. (2013)	Chojenta et al. (2014)	Raisanen et al. (2014)
	Stewart et al. (2014)	Weobong et al. (2014)	Waqas et al. (2015)	Zeng et al. (2015)
History of episiotomies/caesarean section/negative birth experience/infertility treatment	Rubertsson et al. (2003)	Waqas et al. (2015)	Agostini et al. (2015)	Bayrampour et al. (2015)
Fear of childbirth	Raisanen et al. (2014)	Rubertsson et al. (2014)
Personality factors
Negative cognitive style/self-efficacy/self-esteem	Jesse et al. (2005)	Lee et al. (2007)	Ginsburg et al. (2008)	Leigh and Milgrom (2008)	Bunevicius et al. (2009)	Mohammad et al. (2011)	Sockol et al. (2014)
Martini et al. (2015)	Bayrampour et al. (2015)	Zeng et al. (2015)