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. 2016 May 25;7:720. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00720

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Copyright © 2016 Wang, Sun, Jia, Wang, Gong and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Tolerance to limited supplies of nitrogen and carbon is enhanced by constitutive expression of MdATG8i in transgenic “Orin” apple callus. (A) PCR verification of constitutive expression. Lanes M, molecular marker DL2000; V, positive vector containing pGWB406-MdATG8i plasmid; WT, non-transformed wild-type; and OE-5 through -7, MdATG8i-transgenic callus lines; (B) qRT-PCR analysis of MdATG8i expression in WT and transgenic lines; (C) Morphology of callus after 20 days; (D) Fresh weights of callus after 20 days. Data are means ± SD of three biological replicates. *, ** or *** indicates the statistically significant differences determined by Student's t-tests at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, or P < 0.001, respectively.