TABLE 1.
Clinical and virological parameters
| Group no. (description)a | Patient identifier | Ageb | Sexc | HIV-1RNAd | HIV-1 subtypee | Treatment historyf |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I (treatment failure in the presence of drug resistance mutations detected by Sanger sequencing [n = 27]) | 0113-13 | 35 | M | ND | A | 3TC, EFV, AZT |
| 135-13 | 15 | F | ND | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV, AZT, EFV | |
| 137-13 | 56 | M | 5.08 | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV, FTC, AZT, FTC, d4T | |
| dr-83-13 | Infant | Unk | 3.37 | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV | |
| dr-92-13 | Adult | Unk | ND | D | Unk | |
| 96-13 | 9 | F | 4.88 | D | AZT, 3TC, LPV, NVP, d4T, | |
| 223-13 | 20 | F | 4.71 | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV, ABC, EFV, AZT | |
| 176-13 | 35 | M | 6.09 | A | Unk | |
| 200-13 | 40 | M | 5.52 | D | TDF, 3TC, EFV, AZT, d4T, NVP | |
| EN-7-13 | Adult | Unk | ND | D | Unk | |
| 42-13 | 32 | F | 4.13 | D | AZT, 3TC, NVP | |
| 143-12 | 18 | F | 3.03 | D | AZT, 3TC, EFV | |
| 186-12 | 75 | F | ND | A | Unk | |
| 65-12 | Adult | M | 6.15 | A | AZT, ETR, ATV, RAL, LPV, TDF, 3TC, NVP | |
| 70-12 | 32 | F | 4.23 | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV, RAL, DRV, ETV, FTC, d4T, NVP | |
| 106-12 | 33 | F | 3.69 | A | ABC, NVP, LPV, ddI, NVP, AZT, 3TC, TDF | |
| 109-12 | Adult | M | 4.60 | A | FTC, TDF, LPV, AZT, 3TC | |
| 123-12 | 42 | F | 3.10 | D | ATV, AZT, ABC, AZT, NVP, 3TC, TDF | |
| 124-12 | 52 | F | ND | A | Unk | |
| 134-12 | 43 | M | ND | D | Unk | |
| 193-12 | 38 | F | 5.98 | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV, d4T, 3TC, NVP | |
| 207-12 | Unk | F | 6.10 | A | TDF, 3TC, EFV | |
| DR-31-11 | 50 | M | ND | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV, FTC | |
| DR-18-11 | 16 | M | 3.75 | A | AZT, 3TC, NVP | |
| DR-286-08 | Adult | F | ND | A | FTC, TDF, LPV, AZT, 3TC, NVP | |
| DR-371-08 | Adult | F | ND | A | ABC, ddI, LPV, 3TC, ABC, ddI, d4T, TDF, AZT | |
| DR-30-11 | Adult | M | ND | A | AZT, 3TC, TDF | |
| II (treatment failure in the absence of drug resistance mutations detected by Sanger sequencing [n = 21]) | 109-13 | Adult | M | 6.16 | D | EFV, FTC, TDF, LPV, AZT, 3TC, NVP |
| 89-13 | Adult | Unk | 4.21 | A | Unk | |
| 106-13 | 46 | F | 5.52 | D | AZT, 3TC, EFV | |
| 156-13 | 59 | Unk | ND | D | Unk | |
| 214-13 | 54 | Unk | 3.44 | D | ABC, 3TC, LPV | |
| 218-13 | 30 | M | 5.99 | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV, DRV, EFV, NVP | |
| 81-13 | 18 | M | 3.83 | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV | |
| 177-13 | 30 | M | 5.21 | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV, AZT, FTC, | |
| EN-10-13 | Adult | Unk | 4.80 | A/D | LPV, RAL, TDF, 3TC, NVP, AZT | |
| 72-12 | 35 | M | 5.29 | A | Unk | |
| dr-82-12 | Unk | Unk | 4.10 | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV | |
| 110-12 | 40 | F | 4.98 | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV | |
| 111-12 | 44 | M | 1.76 | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV, AZT, EFV, FTC | |
| 135-12 | 22 | F | 5.45 | A | AZT, 3TC, TDF, LPV, d4T, NVP | |
| 170-12 | 45 | M | 5.19 | D | Unk | |
| 172-12 | Adult | M | 5.23 | A | ABC, ddI, LPV, NVP, AZT, 3TC | |
| dr-0036-08 | Unk | Unk | ND | D | Unk | |
| DR-0115-11 | 14 | F | ND | A | 3TC, EFV, TDF, AZT | |
| DR-193-11 | Adult | M | 5.55 | A | AZT, 3TC, EFV | |
| DR-269-08 | Adult | M | ND | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV, AZT, NVP | |
| DR-50-11 | 16 | M | ND | C | AZT, 3TC, NVP | |
| III (treatment failure in the absence of drug resistance mutations detected by Sanger or deep sequencing [n = 12]) | 216-13 | 42 | F | ND | A | AZT, LPV, 3TC, EFV, TDF |
| 38-13 | 21 | Unk | 4.44 | A | TDF, 3TC, LPV, d4T, NVP, | |
| 66-13 | 21 | F | 4.63 | A | RAL, EFV, DRV, TDF, 3TC, LPV, NVP | |
| 130-12 | 50 | F | 5.01 | A | 3TC, TDF, ATV, IDV | |
| 30-12 | Adult | Unk | ND | D | Unk | |
| 22-12 | Adult | Unk | ND | D | 3TC, AZT, NVP, TDF, FTC | |
| 14-12 | Unk | F | ND | A | Unk | |
| 64-12 | 9 | F | 4.36 | A | AZT, 3TC, NVP, ABC, ddI, LPV, | |
| 205-12 | 16 | M | 4.53 | A | AZT, 3TC, ATV, LPV, ddI | |
| dr-0043-11 | 11 | M | ND | A | AZT, 3TC, NVP, ddI, DLV | |
| DR-212-11 | 34 | F | 5.12 | D | TDF, 3TC, NVP, LPV, d4T | |
| DR-001-09 | 42 | M | ND | D | TDF, 3TC, LPV | |
| IV (treatment success [n = 5]) | 62-12 | 33 | F | <20 | A | 3TC, AZT, NVP |
| 27-12 | 42 | M | <20 | A | AZT, 3TC, NVP | |
| 23-12 | Adult | Unk | <20 | D | AZT, 3TC, EFV | |
| 197-12 | 47 | M | <20 | A | d4T, 3TC, EFV | |
| 215-12 | 35 | F | <20 | D | AZT, 3TC, NVP |
Group of patients clustered by their response to treatment with antiretroviral drugs in the presence or absence of drug resistance mutations detected using HIV-1 genotyping assays based on Sanger or deep sequencing (DeepGen [24]).
Age in years when known; in some cases, patients were classified as infant or adult.
M, male; F, female; Unk, unknown.
Plasma viral load (log10 copies per milliliter); ND, not determined.
HIV-1 subtype determined using HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (Sanger) sequencing, as described previously (9).
Antiretroviral treatment history: AZT, zidovudine; ddI, didanosine; d4T, stavudine; 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; TDF, tenofovir; FTC, emtricitabine; NVP, nevirapine; DLV, delavirdine; EFV, efavirenz; ETR, etravirine; IDV, indinavir; LPV, lopinavir; ATV, atazanavir; DRV, darunavir; RAL, raltegravir; Unk, unknown.