Table 4.
Change in quantitative task performance during preschool.
| Effect | Estimate | se | df | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GIVE-A-NUMBER (MAX VALUE = 6) | |||||
| Intercept | 5.57 | 0.12 | 96 | 44.81 | 0.001 |
| Year | |||||
| 1 | −2.19 | 0.17 | 97 | −13.03 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| IQ | 0.07 | 0.14 | 97 | 0.53 | 0.599 |
| EF | 0.41 | 0.10 | 97 | 4.08 | 0.001 |
| Preliteracy | 0.27 | 0.13 | 97 | 2.08 | 0.040 |
| IQ * Year | |||||
| 1 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 97 | 2.30 | 0.024 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| Preliteracy * Year | |||||
| 1 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 97 | 1.77 | 0.081 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| DISCRETE QUANTITY DISCRIMINATION (MAX VALUE = 100) | |||||
| Intercept | 86.04 | 1.49 | 96 | 57.82 | 0.001 |
| Year | |||||
| 1 | −19.24 | 1.76 | 97 | −10.94 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| IQ | 4.39 | 1.36 | 97 | 3.23 | 0.002 |
| EF | 0.67 | 1.61 | 97 | 0.42 | 0.677 |
| Preliteracy | 3.37 | 1.56 | 97 | 2.16 | 0.033 |
| EF * Year | |||||
| 1 | 3.49 | 1.81 | 97 | 1.93 | 0.056 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| Preliteracy * Year | |||||
| 1 | −3.89 | 1.81 | 97 | −2.15 | 0.034 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| NONVERBAL CALCULATION (MAX VALUE = 100) | |||||
| Intercept | 44.96 | 1.80 | 97 | 24.94 | 0.001 |
| Year | |||||
| 1 | −21.66 | 2.19 | 99 | −9.91 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| Age | 4.22 | 1.44 | 99 | 2.94 | 0.004 |
| IQ | 5.19 | 1.44 | 99 | 3.61 | 0.001 |
| NUMERAL RECOGNITION (MAX VALUE = 15) | |||||
| Intercept | 9.76 | 0.32 | 99 | 30.94 | 0.001 |
| Year | |||||
| 1 | −4.99 | 0.39 | 98 | −12.71 | 0.001 |
| 2 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| Preliteracy | 2.65 | 0.25 | 98 | 10.72 | 0.001 |
Dependent variables are raw scores, and other continuous variables are standardized. EF, Executive Functions. Age, age at beginning of first year of preschool.