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. 2015 Dec 12;3:7–17. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2015.11.004

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© 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Alzheimer’s Association.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Presence of surface chemokine receptors CCR2 and CXCR4 is reduced in BDM of AD and MCI patients. The mRNA levels of chemokine receptors CCR2 (A) and CXCR4 (D) were quantified by qRT-PCR in CD14⁺ BDMs from controls, AD and MCI patients. Results are expressed as mRNA fold change with respect to the mean of controls and are representative of at least n = 9 per group (one-way ANOVA; **P < .01). *P < .05 and **P < .01 with respect to controls and #P < .05 with respect to AD patients. CD14⁺ BDM surface expression of CCR2 and CXCR4 proteins was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell populations with negative, low, and high expression of CCR2 (B) and CXCR4 (E) were quantified by histogram analysis. Results are expressed as the percentage of total cells and are representative of at least n = 7 per group. *P < .05 and **P < .01 with respect to control subjects (two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test). (C and F) Representative histograms of a control subject, an AD, and an MCI patient for CCR2 and CXCR4 surface expression. Abbreviations: BDM, blood-derived monocyte; AD, Alzheimer's disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; mRNA, messenger RNA; ANOVA, analysis of variance.