Table 1.
Parent Characteristics in Families With at Least 1 Employed Parent Before and After PFLIa
| No. (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before PFLI |
After PFLI |
|||
| Parent Characteristics | California (n = 372) | Illinois (n = 382) | California (n = 396) | Illinois (n = 370) |
| Age, y | ||||
| 18-35 | 101 (29) | 70 (20) | 98 (27) | 95 (28) |
| 36-45 | 187 (52) | 201 (50) | 180 (43) | 181 (45) |
| ≥46 | 83 (20) | 110 (30) | 118 (30) | 94 (27) |
| Female sex | 220 (59) | 242 (65)b | 234 (64) | 226 (64) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 23 (6) | 51 (18) | 17 (6) | 37 (15) |
| Hispanic | 124 (39) | 34 (10) | 109 (38) | 47 (16) |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 184 (45) | 269 (65) | 201 (41) | 256 (62) |
| Other (non-Hispanic) | 41 (11) | 28 (7)b | 69 (15) | 30 (7)b |
| Parent education | ||||
| ≤High school graduate | 97 (31) | 63 (19) | 85 (34) | 57 (21) |
| Some college | 128 (35) | 134 (37) | 127 (30) | 105 (31) |
| College graduate/postgraduate education | 147 (33) | 185 (44)b | 184 (36) | 208 (49)b |
| Employment | ||||
| Full-time | 294 (78) | 287 (73) | 318 (75) | 280 (74) |
| Part-time | 78 (22) | 95 (27) | 78 (25) | 90 (26) |
| Eligible for overtime | 152 (44) | 159 (44) | 167 (41) | 152 (46) |
| Access to employer-provided paid leavec | 275 (82) | 300 (85) | 316 (75) | 301 (85)b |
| Spouse/partner's employment status | ||||
| No spouse/partner | 66 (21) | 65 (22) | 73 (26) | 63 (23) |
| Spouse employed full-time | 180 (44) | 206 (49) | 206 (47) | 205 (51) |
| Spouse employed part-time | 42 (11) | 44 (11) | 45 (10) | 43 (10) |
| Spouse not employed | 82 (25) | 67 (18) | 72 (16) | 59 (16) |
| Annual household income, $ | ||||
| < 20 000 | 46 (20) | 23 (13) | 31 (20) | 30 (16) |
| 20 000-49 999 | 100 (29) | 65 (18) | 83 (25) | 61 (21) |
| 50 000-99 999 | 114 (27) | 157 (39) | 134 (29) | 141 (34) |
| 100 000-149 999 | 49 (12) | 68 (17) | 77 (15) | 63 (15) |
| ≥150 000 | 53 (12) | 53 (13)b | 58 (11) | 59 (14) |
| No. of other children in household | ||||
| 0 | 99 (28) | 114 (29) | 115 (29) | 92 (26) |
| 1 | 149 (36) | 155 (40) | 161 (37) | 157 (40) |
| 2 | 84 (24) | 78 (21) | 89 (23) | 89 (23) |
| ≥3 | 40 (12) | 35 (10) | 31 (11) | 32 (11) |
Abbreviation: PFLI, Paid Family Leave Insurance Program.
a
California indicates Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles; and Illinois indicates Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. All data were obtained by parent report.
b
P < .05 for differences between California and Illinois. Parent age and number of other children in the household were measured and tested continuously; income and education were tested as linear categories; other variables were tested as unordered categories.
c
Employer-provided paid leave includes sick, vacation, and other non-PFLI paid leave.