. 2016 May 24;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-986. [Version 1] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7998.1

Table 3. Biomarkers of AKI and outcomes in cardiorenal syndrome.

Biomarkers	LONG-TERM OUTCOMES (>1 YEAR FOLLOW-UP)
Biomarkers	MACE	Mortality	Hospitalization
Urine NGAL Damman 2011 ⁴⁸		HR 1.23 (1.07, 1.41)	HR 1.01 (0.90, 1.13)
Urine NAG Damman 2010 ⁴⁹ Damman 2011 ⁴⁸	HR 1.43 (1.10, 1.84) † HR 1.22 (1.10, 1.36)	HR 1.30(1.11–1.51)	HR 1.17(1.02, 1.33)
Urine KIM-1 Damman 2010 ⁴⁹ Damman 2011 ⁴⁸	HR 1.13 (1.00, 1.28) HR 1.22 (1.03, 1.45)	HR 1.11 (0.98–1.26)	HR 1.11(0.98, 1.26)
Plasma NGAL GALLANT ⁵¹ COACH ⁵³ Shrestha 2011 ⁵²	HR 29.83 (5.43, 163.96)* § HR 1.06 (0.66, 1.84)	HR 1.44(1.22, 1.69) §

All values in ( ) are 95% confidence intervals, unless otherwise noted.

*unadjusted and 30 day follow-up, § greater than cut-off versus less than cut-off, † per 5U/gram Creatinine increase.

AKI, acute kidney injury; HR, hazard ratio (per standard deviation increase unless otherwise noted); KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; MACE, major adverse cardiac events; NAG, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.