Table 5. Biomarkers of AKI and outcomes in heterogeneous populations.

Biomarkers	IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES
	RRT or death	Failure to recover from AKI
Urine IL-18   Hall 2011 60	OR 2.7 (1.4, 5.0)*
Urine NGAL   Hall 2011 60   Singer 2011 63   Nickolas 2011 66	OR 2.6 (1.6, 4.3)* OR 4.2 (1.9, 9.0) § OR 2.43 (1.42, 4.16) §
Urine KIM-1   Liangos 2007 61   Hall 2011 60   Nickolas 2011 66	AUC 0.61 (0.53, 0.69) OR 2.8 (1.5, 5.3)* OR 2.54 (1.50, 4.30) §
Urine NAG   Liangos 2007 61	AUC 0.71 (0.63, 0.78)
Plasma NGAL   Srisawat 2011 64		OR 2.02 (1.03, 3.31) †
Urine EGF   Kwon 2010 65		AUC 0.83 (0.70, 0.96)

All values in ( ) are 95% confidence intervals, unless otherwise noted.

*4 ^th quartile versus 1 ^st–3 ^rd quartile, § greater than cut-off versus less than cut-off, † per 300 ng/ml increase.

AKI, acute kidney injury; AUC, area under the curve; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HR, hazard ratio; IL-18, interleukin-18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; NAG, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; OR, odds ratio; RRT, renal replacement therapy.