Table 3.
Random-Effects Medication Adherence Outcome Estimates and Tests for Treatment vs. Control Comparisons for Individual Theories and Models (109 Possible Comparisons)
| K | Effect size | p (ES) | 95% Confidence interval | Standard error | I2 | Tau2 | Q | p (Q) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult learning theory | 4 | 0.443 | .011 | 0.101, 0.786 | 0.175 | 62.654 | 0.070 | 8.033 | .045 |
| Behavior modification theory | 3 | 0.363 | .004 | 0.118, 0.607 | 0.125 | 0 | 0 | 0.658 | .720 |
| Health belief model | 7 | 0.477 | .050 | 0, 0.954 | 0.243 | 85.656 | 0.324 | 41.829 | <.001 |
| Information-behavior-skill model | 3 | 0.175 | .201 | −0.093, 0.444 | 0.137 | 0 | 0 | 1.019 | .601 |
| Motivational interviewing theory | 12 | 0.392 | .002 | 0.148, 0.637 | 0.125 | 84.346 | 0.126 | 70.268 | <.001 |
| Orem’s self-care theory | 5 | 0.261 | .377 | −0.318, 0.841 | 0.296 | 64.525 | 0.255 | 11.275 | .024 |
| PRECEDE | 3 | 0.041 | .902 | −0.612, 0.694 | 0.333 | 56.741 | 0.189 | 4.623 | .099 |
| Self-management model | 3 | 0.334 | .007 | 0.092, 0.576 | 0.123 | 0 | 0 | 0.714 | .700 |
| Self-regulation model | 8 | 0.118 | .286 | −0.099, 0.335 | 0.111 | 19.221 | 0.018 | 8.666 | .278 |
| Social cognitive theory | 18 | 0.350 | <.001 | 0.117, 0.524 | 0.008 | 36.761 | 0.049 | 26.882 | .060 |
| Transtheoretical model | 5 | 0.334 | .106 | −0.072, 0.740 | 0.207 | 57.785 | 0.103 | 9.475 | .050 |
K denotes number of comparisons, ES is effect size, Q is a conventional homogeneity statistic, I2 is the percentage of total variation among studies’ observed ES due to heterogeneity. Only comparisons with at least three treatment vs. control comparisons were included.