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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 25.
Published in final edited form as: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Oct 29;35(12):2579–2593. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305789

Figure 7.

Figure 7

An illustration of potential mechanisms in injury-induced vascular intimal hyperplasia is depicted. We propose that intimal hyperplasia is driven by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) on macrophages responding to high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) released by injured and stressed cells in the vessel wall. Blockade of HMGB1–MD2 interaction could be a therapeutic target. For detailed discussion of the pathways, please see the text. DAMP indicates damage-associated molecular pattern molecule; and SMC, smooth muscle cell.