Table 2.

Associations of Muscle Mass and Strength With Incident Diabetes in Community-Living Older Men and Women

Men	Incident Diabetes HR (95% CI)	Women	Incident Diabetes HR (95% CI)
Abdominal muscle area		Abdominal muscle area
Unadjusted	1.29 (1.09–1.52)	Unadjusted	1.57 (1.36–1.82)
+Model 1a	0.96 (0.77–1.19)	+Model 1a	1.16 (0.94–1.42)
+Model 2b	0.99 (0.78–1.24)	+Model 2b	1.13 (0.91–1.39)
+Model 3c	0.93 (0.73–1.19)	+Model 3c	1.04 (0.83–1.30)
Thigh muscle area		Thigh muscle area
Unadjusted	1.10 (0.94–1.30)	Unadjusted	1.65 (1.42–1.91)
+Model 1a	0.82 (0.63–1.07)	+Model 1a	1.38 (1.12–1.70)
+Model 2b	0.80 (0.60–1.07)	+Model 2b	1.31 (1.05–1.63)
+Model 3c	0.92 (0.64–1.34)	+Model 3c	1.16 (0.92–1.47)
Total lean mass		Total lean mass
Unadjusted	1.21 (1.03–1.43)	Unadjusted	1.56 (1.35–1.80)
+Model 1a	1.18 (1.00–1.39)	+Model 1a	1.43 (1.21–1.67)
+Model 2b	1.12 (0.94–1.35)	+Model 2b	1.27 (1.08–1.51)
+Model 3c	0.84 (0.66–1.07)	+Model 3c	0.96 (0.75–1.25)
Quad strength		Quad strength
Unadjusted	1.05 (0.89–1.24)	Unadjusted	1.52 (1.29–1.78)
+Model 1a	1.04 (0.87–1.24)	+Model 1a	1.38 (1.17–1.63)
+Model 2b	1.01 (0.83–1.22)	+Model 2b	1.28 (1.08–1.52)
+Model 3c	0.97 (0.79–1.18)	+Model 3c	1.16 (0.98–1.37)
Grip strength		Grip strength
Unadjusted	0.96 (0.81–1.13)	Unadjusted	1.24 (1.06–1.45)
+Model 1a	0.88 (0.74–1.05)	+Model 1a	1.16 (0.99–1.36)
+Model 2b	0.89 (0.75–1.07)	+Model 2b	1.17 (0.99–1.38)
+Model 3c	0.90 (0.74–1.08)	+Model 3c	1.12 (0.94–1.33)

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

^aModel 1 included age, race, clinical site (+ total abdominal area for abdominal muscle area analyses + total thigh area for thigh muscle area analyses).

^bModel 2 included model 1 + physical activity, smoking, lipids, and hypertension.

^cModel 3: included model 2 + BMI, visceral fat, and total body fat by DXA.