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. 2016 Mar 1;101(4):1847–1855. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3643

Table 3.

Risk of Incident Diabetes in Women and Men by Muscle Variables and Overweight Status

Normal Weight HR (95% CI) P Value Overweight/Obese HR (95% CI) P Value P for Interaction
Women BMI 18–24.9 kg/m2 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
    Abdominal muscle area
        Unadjusted 0.47 (0.25–0.89) .02 1.49 (1.26–1.76) <.001 .001
        +Model 1a 0.38 (0.18–0.81) .01 1.28 (1.03–1.58) .03 .003
        +Model 2b 0.37 (0.17–0.82) .02 1.26 (1.01–1.58) .04 .004
        +Model 3c 0.37 (0.17–0.83) .02 1.23 (0.98–1.54) .08 .004
    Thigh muscle area
        Unadjusted 0.70 (0.40–1.23) .22 1.57 (1.32–1.88) <.001 .007
        +Model 1a 0.79 (0.40–1.56) .49 1.44 (1.15–1.81) .002 .009
        +Model 2b 0.73 (0.35–1.52) .40 1.41 (1.11–1.79) .005 .01
        +Model 3c 0.58 (0.27–1.27) .18 1.28 (1.00–1.64) .05 .01
    Total lean mass
        Unadjusted 0.76 (0.41–1.43) .40 1.42 (1.20–1.70) <.001 .06
        +Model 1a 0.71 (0.38–1.34) .29 1.32 (1.09–1.60) .004 .08
        +Model 2b 0.73 (0.37–1.44) .37 1.21 (1.00–1.48) .055 .12
        +Model 3c 0.66 (0.32–1.34) .24 1.10 (0.89–1.36) .40 .18
Men BMI 18–24.9 kg/m2 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
    Abdominal muscle area
        Unadjusted 1.10 (0.65–1.86) .71 1.14 (0.93–1.39) .21 .94
        +Model 1a 0.94 (0.52–1.71) .84 0.94 (0.74–1.19) .58 .50
        +Model 2b 1.14 (0.61–2.13) .69 0.95 (0.73–1.23) .69 .44
        +Model 3c 1.13 (0.60–2.12) .71 0.94 (0.73–1.22) .64 .42
    Thigh muscle area
        Unadjusted 0.68 (0.40–1.16) .16 0.97 (0.80–1.18) .79 .21
        +Model 1a 0.64 (0.28–1.44) .28 0.84 (0.63–1.11) .22 .27
        +Model 2b 0.70 (0.29–1.73) .44 0.82 (0.60–1.11) .20 .28
        +Model 3c 0.81 (0.32–2.08) .66 0.87 (0.63–1.18) .36 .31
    Total lean mass
        Unadjusted 1.12 (0.62–2.03) .71 1.02 (0.84–1.23) .88 .73
        +Model 1a 1.11 (0.62–2.00) .73 0.95 (0.77–1.17) .62 .66
        +Model 2b 1.23 (0.65–2.30) .53 0.93 (0.75–1.16) .53 .65
        +Model 3c 1.19 (0.63–2.26) 0.59 0.87 (0.69–1.09) .22 .54

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

a

Model 1 included age, race, and clinical site (+ total abdominal area for abdominal muscle area analyses + total thigh area for thigh muscle area analyses).

b

Model 2 included model 1 + physical activity, smoking, lipids, and hypertension.

c

Model 3 included model 2 + visceral fat area.