TABLE 2—

Association Between Intersection Environment Characteristics as Depicted in Google Street View Imagery and the Count of Pedestrian Injuries as Reported to the New York City Department of Transportation at 532 Intersections in New York City From 2007 to 2011, Mutually Adjusted

	Difference in Count of Injuries at Intersection, % (95% CI)a
Characteristic	Model 1b	Model 2c
Crosswalk presence
None (Ref)	0	0
Connecting all corners	80 (2, 218)	118 (22, 289)
Connecting some corners	93 (34, 178)	132 (60 ,235)
N/Ad	–27 (–79, 159)	–11 (–80, 296)
Visible billboards
None (Ref)	0	0
≥ 1	42 (7, 90)	54 (18, 110)
Sidewalk condition
Good (Ref)	0	0
Fair	49 (13, 96)	32 (1, 74)
Poor	53 (8, 116)	35 (–3, 86)
Under repair	44 (–11, 132)	88 (28, 174)
Road condition
Poor	–38 (–57, –9)	–36 (–56, –8)
Fair	–17 (–35, 6)	–22 (–40, 1)
Good (Ref)	0	0
Under repair	315 (89, 809)	301 (85, 771)
Pedestrian signal
Not present (Ref)	0	0
Present	156 (69, 289)	182 (81 ,341)
Traffic island
Not present (Ref)	0	0
Present	31 (–2, 76)	27 (–3, 68)
Bus stop on block
Not present (Ref)	0	0
Present	120 (51, 220)	103 (37, 201)
Intersection typee
Minor/minor (Ref)	0	0
Minor/major	19 (–11, 59)	19 (–8, 54)
Major/major	3 (–28, 47)	2 (–27, 43)

Note. CI = confidence interval.

^aConfidence intervals computed by using cluster-robust standard errors, clustering on community district.

^bAdjusted for log of estimated pedestrian count. Estimated increase in injury count per 1-unit increase in log pedestrian count: 0.53; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.78.

^cAdjusted for nearby Walk Score. Estimated increase in injury count per 1-unit increase in Walk Score: 0.015; 95% CI = 0.005, 0.025.

^dN/A indicates intersections where no crosswalk may be expected, such as at a freeway onramp where pedestrian barriers block access to the roadway.

^eIntersections characterized as minor/minor if no major roads were present, major/major if no minor roads were present, and minor/major otherwise.