TABLE 3—
Association of Pretrafficking, Trafficking, and Posttrafficking Factors With High Levels of Psychological Symptoms: England, June 2013 to December 2014
| Men |
Women |
|||||
| Variable | Without Symptoms (n = 22), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | With Symptoms (n = 21), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | OR (95% CI) | Without Symptoms (n = 20), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | With Symptoms (n = 76), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | OR (95% CI) |
| Pretrafficking | ||||||
| Pretrafficking diagnosed mental disorder | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | . . . | 2 (10.0) | 6 (7.9) | 0.8 (0.1, 4.3) |
| Left education at < 15 y | 5 (22.7) | 4 (19.1) | 0.75 (0.2, 3.3) | 4 (20.0) | 29 (38.2) | 2.2 (0.7, 7.4) |
| Physical violence | 6 (27.3) | 7 (33.3) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.9) | 8 (40.0) | 49 (67.5) | 2.8 (1.0, 7.8) |
| Sexual violence | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 3.2 (0.7, 15.4) | 3 (15.0) | 27 (35.5) | 1.1 (0.4, 3.1) |
| Trafficking | ||||||
| Physical violence | 9 (40.9) | 11 (52.4) | 2.17 (0.6, 7.4) | 15 (75.0) | 59 (77.6) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.2) |
| Sexual violence | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 1.2 (0.3, 5.6) | 9 (45.0) | 56 (73.7) | 3.1 (1.1, 8.8) |
| Injury during trafficking | 4 (19.1) | 8 (38.1) | 2.6 (0.6, 10.6) | 10 (58.8) | 56 (77.8) | 2.5 (0.8, 7.5) |
| Extreme restriction of movement | 10 (45.5) | 15 (71.4) | 3.6 (1.0, 13.4) | 13 (65.0) | 60 (79.0) | 2.3 (0.8, 6.8) |
| No. of poor living situations during trafficking | 2.5 ±2.0 | 2.9 ±1.4 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.6 ±1.4 | 1.7 ±1.3 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) |
| Type of exploitation | ||||||
| Labor | 21 (95.5) | 16 (80.0) | 1 (Ref) | 4 (20.0) | 10 (13.2) | 1 (Ref) |
| Domestic | 1 (4.6) | 3 (15.0) | 3.9 (0.4, 41.5) | 6 (30.0) | 31 (40.8) | 2.1 (0.5, 8.8) |
| Sexual | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) | . . . | 10 (50.0) | 32 (42.1) | 1.3 (0.3, 5.0) |
| Duration of exploitation, moa | 3.0 ±11.1 | 2.9 ±5.8 | 0.99 (0.7, 1.3) | 14.3 ±7.2 | 12.8 ±4.5 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) |
| Time since exploitation, moa | 3.3 ±3.8 | 3.4 ±3.9 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 6.7 ±4.8 | 14.6 ±4.7 | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) |
| Posttrafficking | ||||||
| Age, y | 36.7 ±11.5 | 31.3 ±9.6 | 0.95 (0.9, 1.0) | 30.0 ±10.9 | 29.9 ±9.1 | 1.00 (0.9, 1.0) |
| Not married/cohabiting | 17 (77.3) | 15 (71.4) | 1.4 (0.4, 5.4) | 17 (85.0) | 69 (90.8) | 1.5 (0.2, 13.1) |
| Has children | 12 (54.6) | 9 (42.9) | 0.6 (0.2, 2.1) | 8 (40.0) | 43 (56.6) | 1.8 (0.7, 5.0) |
| ≥ 1 diagnosed chronic health problems | 9 (40.9) | 9 (42.9) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.6) | 6 (30.0) | 31 (54.0) | 2.7 (0.9, 7.9) |
| Ongoing fear of traffickers | 10 (45.4) | 16 (76.9) | 3.8 (1.0, 14.2) | 13 (65.0) | 64 (84.2) | 3.5 (1.1, 10.7) |
| Lacks a confidante | 5 (22.7) | 11 (52.4) | 3.7 (1.0, 13.9) | 3 (15.0) | 28 (36.8) | 3.1 (0.8, 11.5) |
| Time in contact with services, moa | 1.6 ±3.1 | 2.1 ±3.5 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 4.4 ±3.3 | 4.7 ±3.8 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
| No. of unmet social needsb | 1.2 ±0.7 | 2.3 ±0.6 | 1.9 (0.9, 4.2) | 0.8 ±0.7 | 2.6 ±0.6 | 2.9 (1.5, 5.4) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. The sample size was n = 150.
a
Log transformed data.
b
Square root transformed data.