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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Stroke. 2016 May 5;47(6):1452–1458. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012662

Table 2.

Time-domain (top) and frequency-domain (bottom) heart rate variability at visit 1 and stroke risk. Total n = 12,550; split into approximately 2510 observations per quintile for each HRV measure; total strokes n = 816.

Time-Domain
Model 1 Model 2
SDNN MeanNN RMSSD SDNN MeanNN RMSSD
Contrast HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
Quintile 1 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) 1.4 (1.2, 1.8) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4)
Quintile 2 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 0.8 (0.7, 1.1)
Quintile 3 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4)
Quintile 4 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.1 (0.9, 1.4)
Quintile 5 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Frequency-Domain
Model 1 Model 2
LF HF LF:HF LF HF LF:HF
Contrast HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
Quintile 1 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3)
Quintile 2 1.2 (1.0, 1.6) 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)
Quintile 3 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 1.0 (0.8, 1.2)
Quintile 4 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 0.8 (0.7, 1.1)
Quintile 5 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref

Abbreviations: Hazard ratio, HR; confidence interval, CI; reference quintile, Ref.

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and race.

Model 2: Model 1 + education, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood lipids, prevalent diabetes, antihypertensive use, and heart rate (except for MeanNN).

Hazard ratios can be interpreted as the comparison between quintiles 1, 2, 3, and 4 with quintile 5 (reference).