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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Immunol. 2016 May 4;196(11):4536–4543. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502454

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Elastin-derived peptides polarize macrophages to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. A) qPCR analysis of M1 and M2 phenotype markers after treatment of macrophages with IFN-γ and LPS (M1), IL-4 (M2), VGVAPG (1 μg/ml), or EDP (1 μg/ml) for 24 hours. GAPDH was used as an internal control. B) ELISA measurement of TNF-α levels from EDP- or VGVAPG-treated macrophage media. Statistics performed using ANOVA and Student’s t-tests. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. *, P < .05; **, P < .01 versus no treatment (No Tx).