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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 25.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2015 Feb 14;77(3):541–546. doi: 10.1002/ana.24342

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Optogenetic activation of parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons in the whole-cell configuration triggers low-voltage fast (LVF) ictal discharges. (A) Electrophysiological characterization of an entorhinal cortex fast-spiking PV interneuron during injection of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current pulses (Vm=−70mV; intracellular current pulses=600 milliseconds, −200 and 160pA). (B) Responses to 1-second light pulses recorded from the same cell at 4 different time points. Note that similar action potential discharges are generated over time. (C) Optogenetic activation of this interneuron (and of the concomitant LVF ictal discharge) by a train of 1-second light pulses; note the arrows pointing to the pulse-induced depolarizations during the ictal discharge. The onset of the ictal event is expanded below to further reveal the LVF pattern.