Table 3.
Results of the bivariate correlations between speech-language and (non)speech motor measures in children who do (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS). The table displays the r values, number of cases included in each analysis, number of dissociations and number of outliers, and the dissociation patterns.
| Speech-language-motor domains | Associations (r values) |
Number of cases |
Number of dissociations |
Number of outliers |
Dissociation pattern |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CWS | CWNS | CWSa | CWNSa | CWSa | CWNSa | CWSa | CWNSa | CWSb | CWNSb | |
| Vocabulary and nonspeech motor | ||||||||||
| PPVT vs PPT-D | 0.315* | 0.060 | 56 (36) | 48 (25) | 6 (4) | 0 | 7 (4) | 0 | PPVT > PPT-D (6) | - |
| PPVT vs PPT-ND | 0.050 | 0.263 | 56 (36) | 48 (25) | 1 (0) | 2 (1) | 5 (3) | 2 (1) | PPVT > PPT-ND (1) | PPVT > PPT-ND (1) |
| PPVT vs PPT-B | 0.106 | 0.138 | 56 (36) | 48 (25) | 4 (3) | 0 | 5 (3) | 0 | PPVT > PPT-B (3) | - |
| EVT vs PPT-D | 0.191 | 0.159 | 57 (36) | 46 (25) | 2 (2) | 0 | 2 (2) | 0 | EVT < PPT-D (1) | - |
| EVT vs PPT-ND | 0.057 | 0.216 | 57 (36) | 46 (25) | 2 (1) | 0 | 4 (3) | 0 | EVT > PPT-ND (1) | - |
| EVT vs PPT-B | 0.279* | 0.204 | 57 (36) | 46 (25) | 2 (2) | 1 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 (0) | EVT > PPT-B (2) | EVT > PPT-B (1) |
| Speech and nonspeech motor | ||||||||||
| GFTA vs PPT-D | 0.076 | 0.019 | 57 (36) | 49 (25) | 1 (0) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | 2 (1) | GFTA > PPT-D (1) | GFTA < PPT-D (1) |
| GFTA vs PPT-ND | 0.073 | 0.183 | 57 (36) | 49 (25) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 4 (3) | GFTA > PPT-ND (1) | GFTA > PPT-ND (2) |
| GFTA vs PPT-B | 0.028 | 0.123 | 57 (36) | 49 (25) | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 3 (3) | 3 (1) | GFTA > PPT-B (2) | GFTA > PPT-B (1) |
| Language and nonspeech motor | ||||||||||
| RL vs PPT-D | 0.090 | 0.041 | 56 (36) | 49 (25) | 3 (3) | 2 (1) | 5 (5) | 2 (1) | RL < PPT-D (2) | RL > PPT-D (2) |
| RL vs PPT-ND | 0.144 | 0.238 | 56 (36) | 49 (25) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | RL < PPT-ND (1) | RL > PPT-ND (2) |
| RL vs PPT-B | 0.053 | 0.135 | 56 (36) | 49 (25) | 3 (3) | 0 | 3 (3) | 0 | RL > PPT-B (2) | - |
| Intelligence and nonspeech motor | ||||||||||
| FSIQ vs PPT-D | 0.393* | 0.101 | 56 (35) | 49 (25) | 2 (2) | 0 | 5 (4) | 0 | FSIQ > PPT-D (2) | - |
| FSIQ vs PPT-ND | 0.219 | 0.301* | 56 (35) | 49 (25) | 4 (2) | 2 (1) | 5 (3) | 2 (1) | FSIQ > PPT-ND (3) | FSIQ > PPT-ND (1) |
| FSIQ vs PPT-B | 0.177 | 0.275 | 56 (35) | 49 (25) | 2 (2) | 1 (0) | 4 (4) | 1 (0) | FSIQ > PPT-B (2) | FSIQ > PPT-B (1) |
| Total | - | - | 846 (537) | 723 (375) | 37 (29) | 15 (9) | 57 (45) | 19 (10) | - | - |
Asterisk denotes significant results
p < 0.050
values in parentheses denote males
number of dissociation cases following the overall dissociation pattern
EVT = Expressive Vocabulary Test (2nd ed.), FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, GFTA = Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (2nd ed.), IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, PIQ = Performance Intelligence Quotient, PPT-B = Purdue Pegboard Test - bimanual, PPT-D = Purdue Pegboard Test - dominant hand, PPT-ND = Purdue Pegboard Test - nondominant hand, PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (4th ed), RL = receptive language, STG = superior temporal gyrus, VIQ = Verbal Intelligence Quotient.