Table 4. Summary of Clinical Trials of Pharmacotherapy for Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder.

Study	No. of Participants	Design	Treatment Conditions	Primary Outcomes	Monitoring Use	Results
Levin et al., (2004)61	25	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover	Divalproex dosed up to 2000 mg/day oar plcebo	Cannabis use and craving	Twice weekly UDS; self-report	No improvement of psychological or cannabis use outcomes with divalproex
McRae et al., (2006)56	10	Open-label	Buspirone dosed up to 60 mg/day	Cannabis use and anxiety	Weekly UDS; self-report	Reduced self-report of cannabis use; reduction in anxiety scale scores
Carpenter et al., (2009)54	106	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Nefazodone 300 mg twice/day, sustained-release bupropion 150 mg twice daily, or placebo	Cannabis use and withdrawal symptoms	Twice weekly UDS; self-report	Nefazodone and buproprion had no effects on cannabis use or withdrawal
McRae et al., (2009)57	50	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Buspirone dosed up to 60 mg/day or placebo	Cannabis use	Weekly UDS; self-report	No significant differences between groups in intent-to-treat sample; among completers, buspirone group had more negative UDSs
Gray et al., (2010)63	24	Open-label	N-acetylcysteine 1200 mg twice/day	Cannabis use and craving	Weekly UDS; self-report	Reduced self-report of cannabis use; reduced cannabis craving
Levin et al., (2011)60	156	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Dronabinol 20 mg twice/day or placebo	Cannabis use and withdrawal	Self-report	No significant differences in cannabis use between groups; reduction in withdrawal symptoms was shown with dronabinol treatment
Gray et al., (2012)64	116	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	N-acetylcysteine 1200 mg twice/day or placebo	Cannabis use	Weekly UDS; self-report	Twice the odds of negative UDS with N-acetylcysteine treatment; no significant differences in self-reported use between groups
Mason et al., (2012)62	50	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Gabapentin 1200 mg/day or placebo	Cannabis use; cognitive performance	Weekly UDS; self-report	Gabapentin reduced cannabinoid UDS levels and improved cognitive function
Weinstein et al., (2014)55	52	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Escitalopram 10 mg/day or placebo	Cannabis use; anxiety and depression scores	Every other week UDS	No improvement on cannabis use or other measures
McRae-Clark et al., (2015)58	175	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Buspirone dosed up to 60 mg/day or placebo	Cannabis use and craving	Weekly UDS; self-report	No improvement on cannabis use; women receiving buspirone had worse cannabis outcomes than men

UDS = urine drug screen.