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. 2016 May 26;7:137. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00137

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Copyright © 2016 Chen, Li, Shi, Liu and Yuan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The monolithic fabrication of a HEM by drawing lithography with antidromic isolation. (A) Liquid maltose was coated on a planar surface, and contacted with the 5 × 5 array electrodes of the HEMs as a drawing pillar. (B) The glassy maltose between Tm and Tg was elongated by drawing of electrodes. (C) After lowering the temperature to sub-Tg, the elongated 3D structures were cured to a solid state. (D) The coating surface was melted at a temperature greater than Tm to isolate elongated 3D structures from 2D coating surface, and this antidromic isolation fabricated dissolving microneedles of the HEMs. Adapted with permission from (Lee et al., 2011).