Table 3.
Association of behavioral, metabolic, and other factors with hypertension.
| Variables | Categories | N | Hypertension | Total | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
| n (%) or mean ± SD or median (IQR) | n (%) or mean ± SD or median (IQR) | n or mean ± SD or median (IQR) | ||||
| Smoking (current) | Yes | 587 | 50 (42.7) | 67 (57.3) | 117 | 0.009 |
| No | 141 (30.0) | 329 (70.0) | 470 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Smoking (past) | Yes | 470 | 36 (45.0) | 44 (55.0) | 80 | 0.001 |
| No | 105 (26.9) | 285 (73.1) | 390 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Smoking duration among current smoker (years) | — | 114 | 25 (24) | 13.5 (20) | 20 (26) | 0.012∗ |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol consumption (current) | Yes | 587 | 62 (39.2) | 96 (60.8) | 158 | 0.035 |
| No | 129 (30.1) | 300 (69.9) | 429 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Average standard alcohol intake in single sitting | — | 156 | 4 (6) | 2 (3) | 3 (4) | <0.001∗ |
|
| ||||||
| Sufficient fruit and vegetable consumption | Yes | 587 | 24 (35.8) | 43 (64.2) | 67 | 0.542 |
| No | 167 (32.1) | 353 (67.9) | 520 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Sufficient physical activity | Yes | 587 | 140 (30.4) | 320 (69.6) | 460 | 0.038 |
| No | 51 (40.2) | 76 (59.8) | 127 | |||
|
| ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | — | 587 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 24.1 ± 4.1 | 24.8 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | — | 587 | 84 ± 11.8 | 78 ± 10.1 | 83.9 ± 11 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Hip circumference (cm) | — | 587 | 90.5 ± 9.9 | 88.1 ± 8.9 | 90.9 ± 9.3 | 0.004 |
|
| ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 587 | 34 (54.0) | 29 (46.0) | 63 | <0.001 |
| No | 157 (30.0) | 367 (70.0) | 524 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Menopause | Yes | 281 | 41 (21.4) | 151 (78.6) | 192 | <0.001 |
| No | 43 (48.3) | 46 (51.7) | 89 | |||
|
| ||||||
| CVD family history | Yes | 562 | 37 (52.1) | 34 (47.9) | 71 | <0.001 |
| No | 144 (29.3) | 347 (70.7) | 491 | |||
∗Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare nonnormally distributed data.
Note: sufficient fruit and vegetable consumption, intake of ≥400 gm of fruit and vegetable per day; sufficient physical activity, ≥600 METs of moderate and vigorous activity in a week; one standard drink, 10 grams of ethanol.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.