Table 6.
Markers of free radical production and oxidative stress
| Variable | Group | Baseline | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean | p-value (GG) | p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrotyrosine (nM) | P | 279 ± 305 | 214 ± 164 | 231 ± 180 | 193 ± 139 | 198 ± 156 | 223 ± 71 | G = 0.493 | G = 0.852 | |
| TC | 305 ± 425 | 284 ± 382 | 319 ± 436 | 260 ± 352 | 302 ± 435 | 294 ± 85 | T = 0.177 | T L = 0.183 | T q = 0.667 | |
| Time Mean | 292 ± 70 | 249 ± 53 | 275 ± 60Ψ | 227 ± 48Ψ◊ | 250 ± 58◊ | G X T = 0.699 | G X T L = 0.619 | G X T L = 0.597 | ||
| TBARS (uM) | P | 8.24 ± 4.62 | 7.59 ± 2.54 | 7.01 ± 4.24 | 7.35 ± 3.52 | 7.73 ± 3.39 | 7.59 ± 0.71 | G = 0.484 | G = 0.840 | |
| TC | 8.34 ± 4.06 | 7.94 ± 4.08 | 7.91 ± 3.46 | 8.93 ± 4.52 | 8.79 ± 4.09 | 8.38 ± 0.86 | T = 0.690 | T q = 0.332 | T q = 0.462 | |
| Time Mean | 8.29 ± 0.86 | 7.77 ± 0.64 | 7.46 ± 0.77 | 8.14 ± 0.77 | 8.26 ± 0.72 | G X T = 0.783 | G X T L = 0.547 | G X T L = 0.520 | ||
| TAS (mM) | P | 3.13 ± 0.85 | 3.20 ± 0.88^ | 3.08 ± 0.89 | 3.18 ± 1.08 | 2.96 ± 0.95 | 3.11 ± 0.17 | G = 0.476 | G = 0.381 | |
| TC | 2.99 ± 0.84 | 2.50 ± 0.97 | 2.87 ± 1.07 | 2.96 ± 1.26 | 3.27 ± 0.87Ψ | 2.92 ± 0.20 | T = 0.713 | T q = 0.321 | T L = 0.436 | |
| Time Mean | 3.06 ± 0.17 | 2.85 ± 0.18 | 2.98 ± 0.19 | 3.07 ± 0.23 | 3.12 ± 0.18 | G X T = 0.239 | G X T q = 0.089§ | G X T q = 0.089§ | ||
| SOD (U/mL) | P | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | 0.50 ± 0.02 | G = 0.198 | G = 0.285 | |
| TC | 0.45 ± 0.10 | 0.46 ± 0.16 | 0.47 ± 0.15 | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.48 ± 0.10 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | T = 0.687 | T L = 0.756 | T L = 0.155 | |
| Time Mean | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | G X T = 0.808 | G X T L = 0.564 | G X T L = 0.656 |
Individual group and time data expressed as means ± SD, while group effects are presented as means ± SEM. Data represents the response to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production in addition to antioxidant activity at each testing session during the 10 day intervention. MANOVA analysis revealed overall Wilks’ Lambda time (p <0.001) and group x time (p = 0.684). Univariate ANOVA p-levels from MANOVA analysis are presented for each variable. Univariate ANOVA p-levels are listed first by the Greenhouse-Geisser (GG) analysis and then by the within-subjects contrasts (WSC) to demonstrate the potential shape of the time or group x time interaction with significance indicated by the following super/subscripts: § indicates p <0.10 p-level significance. LSD post hoc analysis is indicated by the following superscripts: ^ represents p <0.05 difference between groups, Ψ represents p <0.05 difference from pre-run, ◊ represents p <0.05 difference from 60-min post. TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TAS total antioxidant status, SOD superoxide dismutase, RFT race finish time, G group p-level, T time p-level, G x T interaction, q quadratic p-level, L linear p-level