. 2016 May 26;13:22. doi: 10.1186/s12970-016-0133-z

Table 7.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

Variable	Group	Baseline	Pre-Run	60-min Post	24-hr Post	48-hr Post	Group Mean	p-value (GG)	p-value (WSC)	RFT Covariate p-value (WSC)
TNF-α (pg/mL)	P	2.34 ± 1.23	2.74 ± 1.22	3.02 ± 1.55	2.48 ± 1.04	2.49 ± 0.90	2.61 ± 0.26	G = 0.922		G = 0.654
	TC	2.49 ± 0.98	2.82 ± 0.90	2.93 ± 1.36	2.60 ± 0.91	2.42 ± 0.82	2.65 ± 0.31	T = 0.003*	T _q = 0.003*	T _L = 0.156
	Time Mean	2.40 ± 1.12	2.77 ± 1.08^†	2.98 ± 1.45^†	2.53 ± 0.97^Ψ◊	2.46 ± 0.85^Ψ◊		G X T = 0.779	G X T _L = 0.504	G X T _L = 0.151
IFN-γ (pg/mL)	P	7.67 ± 6.52	8.02 ± 7.77	8.73 ± 9.49	7.36 ± 7.15	7.75 ± 7.78	7.91 ± 2.55	G = 0.382		G = 0.570
	TC	10.96 ± 11.44	10.71 ± 9.14	11.51 ± 12.50	12.47 ± 17.61	11.68 ± 15.42	11.47 ± 3.08	T = 0.604	T _q = 0.184	T _L = 0.424
	Time Mean	9.01 ± 8.81	9.12 ± 8.29	9.86 ± 10.67	9.44 ± 12.46	9.35 ± 11.41		G X T = 0.388	G X T _L = 0.456	G X T _q = 0.461
IL-1β (pg/mL)	P	0.67 ± 0.15	0.85 ± 0.21	0.84 ± 0.19	0.75 ± 0.20	0.69 ± 0.16	0.76 ± 0.08	G = 0.059^§		G = 0.058^§
	TC	0.93 ± 0.51	1.12 ± 0.58	1.05 ± 0.39	0.98 ± 0.44	0.93 ± 0.40	1.00 ± 0.09	T <0.001*	T _q <0.001*	T _L = 0.559
	Time Mean	0.78 ± 0.36	0.96 ± 0.42^†	0.92 ± 0.30^†	0.85 ± 0.33^Ψ◊	0.79 ± 0.30^Ψ◊		G X T = 0.860	G X T _q = 0.662	G X T _L = 0.465
IL-2 (pg/mL)	P	1.18 ± 0.96	1.33 ± 1.10	1.51 ± 1.38	1.23 ± 0.85	1.27 ± 0.94	1.30 ± 0.28	G = 0.939		G = 0.786
	TC	1.17 ± 1.20	1.64 ± 2.18	1.32 ± 0.99	1.12 ± 1.01	1.11 ± 1.06	1.27 ± 0.34	T = 0.070^§	T _q = 0.001*	T _L = 0.293
	Time Mean	1.17 ± 1.04	1.46 ± 1.60^†	1.43 ± 1.22^†	1.18 ± 0.90^◊	1.21 ± 0.97^◊		G X T = 0.290	G X T _L = 0.195	G X T _L = 0.089^§
IL-6 (pg/mL)	P	0.63 ± 0.54^	0.75 ± 0.53^	2.33 ± 1.38^†Ψ	0.69 ± 0.44^^◊	0.68 ± 0.43	1.02 ± 0.19	G = 0.017*		G = 0.509
	TC	0.94 ± 1.00	1.14 ± 1.27^†	2.32 ± 1.69^†Ψ	0.89 ± 0.97^Ψ◊	0.79 ± 0.76^Ψ	1.21 ± 0.23	T <0.001*	T _q <0.001*	T _q = 0.648
	Time Mean	0.76 ± 0.76	0.91 ± 0.90^†	2.33 ± 1.48^†Ψ	0.77 ± 0.69^Ψ◊	0.72 ± 0.58^Ψ◊		G X T = 0.550	G X T _L = 0.053^§	G X T _L = 0.064^§
IL-8 (pg/mL)	P	2.74 ± 1.58	2.84 ± 1.29	6.21 ± 3.51	2.94 ± 1.24	2.52 ± 1.01	3.45 ± 0.4	G = 0.002*		G = 0.637
	TC	3.31 ± 1.87	3.24 ± 1.71	5.39 ± 2.78	3.26 ± 2.08	2.74 ± 1.47	3.59 ± 0.49	T <0.001*	T _q <0.001*	T _q = 0.185
	Time Mean	2.98 ± 1.69	3.00 ± 1.46	5.88 ± 3.20^†	3.07 ± 1.61^◊	2.61 ± 1.20^Ψ◊#		G X T = 0.287	G X T _q = 0.269	G X T _q = 0.166
IL-12p70 (pg/mL)	P	1.79 ± 1.83	1.84 ± 1.75	1.95 ± 1.93	1.70 ± 1.56	1.81 ± 1.93	1.82 ± 0.42	G = 0.009*		G = 0.706
	TC	1.54 ± 1.78	1.59 ± 1.52	1.75 ± 1.93	1.34 ± 1.29	1.27 ± 1.12	1.50 ± 0.51	T = 0.012*	T _q = 0.008*	T _q = 0.893
	Time Mean	1.69 ± 1.78	1.74 ± 1.63	1.87 ± 1.89^†	1.55 ± 1.44^Ψ◊	1.59 ± 1.65^Ψ◊		G X T = 0.310	G X T _q = 0.124	G X T _q = 0.167

Individual group and time data expressed as means ± SD, while group effects are presented as means ± SEM. Data represents the pro-inflammatory response at each testing session during the 10 day intervention. MANOVA analysis revealed overall Wilks’ Lambda time (p <0.001) and group x time (p = 0.302). Univariate ANOVA p-levels from MANOVA analysis are presented for each variable. Univariate ANOVA p-levels are listed first by the Greenhouse-Geisser (GG) analysis and then by the within-subjects contrasts (WSC) to demonstrate the potential shape of the time or group x time interaction with significance indicated by the following super/subscripts: * indicates p <0.05 p-level significance, § indicates p <0.10 p-level significance. LSD post hoc analysis is indicated by the following superscripts: ^ represents p <0.05 difference between groups, † represents p <0.05 difference from baseline value, Ψ represents p <0.05 difference from pre-run, ◊ represents p <0.05 difference from 60-min post, # represents p <0.05 difference from 24-hr post. TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, IFN-γ interferon gamma, IL interleukin, RFT race finish time, G group p-level, T time p-level, G x T interaction, q quadratic p-level, L linear p-level