TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants in the Fenland Study sample (Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom)1
| Educational attainment2 |
||||
| Highest (n = 2033) | Middle (n = 2719) | Lowest (n = 1206) | All (n = 5958) | |
| Age, y | 46.5 ± 7.6 | 47.9 ± 7.0 | 48.4 ± 6.8 | 47.5 ± 7.2 |
| Men, n (%) | 1071 (52.7) | 1295 (47.6) | 472 (39.1) | 2838 (47.6) |
| Energy intake,3 kJ/d | 8088 ± 2502 | 8204 ± 2757 | 8181 ± 2959 | 8159 ± 2717 |
| Physical activity energy expenditure, kJ · kg−1 · d−1 | 53.5 ± 20.1 | 54.5 ± 21.9 | 54.8 ± 23.5 | 54.2 ± 21.7 |
| Household income >£40,000, n (%) | 1557 (76.6) | 1259 (46.3) | 364 (30.2) | 3180 (53.4) |
| Current or ex-smoker, n (%) | 719 (35.4) | 1284 (47.2) | 625 (51.8) | 2628 (44.1) |
| Owns car, n (%) | 1822 (89.7) | 2611 (96.1) | 1138 (94.5) | 5571 (93.6) |
| Food environment exposures4 | ||||
| Combined supermarket availability | 6.9 ± 5.9 | 4.1 ± 4.2 | 4.2 ± 3.9 | 5.1 ± 5.0 |
| Combined fast-food outlet availability | 26.0 ± 20.8 | 19.3 ± 17.2 | 21.4 ± 17.3 | 22.0 ± 18.7 |
| Crude dietary and anthropometric outcomes | ||||
| Fast-food consumption, g/d | 30.6 ± 25.5 | 35.3 ± 29.4 | 40.3 ± 38.4 | 35.1 ± 30.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5 ± 4.1 | 27.2 ± 4.8 | 27.5 ± 5.0 | 26.7 ± 4.7 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30), n (%) | 250 (12.3) | 634 (23.3) | 295 (24.5) | 1179 (19.8) |
| Adjusted dietary and anthropometric outcomes5 | ||||
| Fast-food consumption,6 g/d | ||||
| Model 17 | Ref | 6.2 (4.8, 7.6)** | 11.2 (9.6, 13.0)** | — |
| Model 28 | Ref | 3.9 (2.5, 5.5)** | 8.2 (6.4, 10.2)** | — |
| BMI,6 kg/m2 | ||||
| Model 19 | Ref | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9)** | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4)** | — |
| Model 210 | Ref | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7)** | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2)** | — |
| Obese, BMI (≥30)11 | ||||
| Model 19 | Ref | 2.12 (1.78, 2.52)** | 2.24 (1.83, 2.73)** | — |
| Model 210 | Ref | 2.03 (1.69, 2.45)** | 2.13 (1.71, 2.66)** | — |
Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise stated. n = 5958. **P < 0.001. Ref, reference group.
Educational attainment (3 groups): lowest, ≤11 y of education; middle, 12–13 y of education; and highest, >13 y of education.
4.18 kJ = 1 kcal.
Based on counts of food outlets across home and work neighborhoods.
Modeled by using linear and logistic regression models.
Values are βs; 95% CIs in parentheses.
Model adjusted for participant age, sex, and daily energy intake.
Model adjusted for age, sex, daily energy intake, household income, and supermarket and fast-food outlet exposure.
Model adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status.
Model adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, household income, physical activity energy expenditure, and supermarket and fast-food outlet exposure.
Values are ORs; 95% CIs in parentheses.