Table 2.
Regression analyses for the association between green space and mental health, moderated by age and gender.
| Independent Variables | 1 km Buffer | 3 km Buffer | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DASS n = 4765 |
MANSA n = 4924 |
DASS n = 4765 |
MANSA n = 4924 |
|
| Percentage of green space | −17.7 (11.3) | 5.2 (5.5) | −16.9 (8.1) * | 6.3 (4.5) |
| Age group | ||||
| 18–24 years | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| 25–34 years | −2.7 (3.9) | −1.2 (2.3) | −5.7 (4.5) | −0.0 (2.7) |
| 35–44 years | −0.6 (4.0) | −4.4 (2.3) ~ | −4.2 (4.5) | −3.0 (2.7) |
| 45–54 years | −2.2 (4.1) | −1.9 (2.3) | −8.0 (4.8) ~ | 1.2 (2.8) |
| 55–64 years | −6.5 (4.1) | −1.2 (2.3) | −8.8 (4.9) ~ | −0.7 (2.8) |
| 65 or older | −9.2 (5.1) | 3.5 (2.7) | −7.3 (6.8) | 3.1 (3.6) |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Male | −2.5 (1.4) | −0.6 (2.7) | −4.7 (1.8) ** | −0.4 (0.9) |
| Green space*Age group | ||||
| Green space*18–24 years | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Green space*25–34 years | 22.0 (11.7) ~ | −9.8 (5.6) ~ | 19.5 (8.4) * | −8.2 (4.6)~ |
| Green space*35–44 years | 13.9 (11.6) | −0.8 (5.6) | 15.8 (8.3) ~ | −3.3 (4.6) |
| Green space*45–54 years | 16.9 (11.9) | −7.1 (5.7) | 21.8 (8.9) * | −10.6 (4.8) * |
| Green space*55–64 years | 16.9 (11.9) | −4.5 (5.7) | 14.6 (8.7) ~ | −3.8 (4.8) |
| Green space*65 or older | 10.4 (13.1) | −5.5 (6.5) | 2.6 (11.3) | −2.7 (5.9) |
| Green space*Gender | ||||
| Green space*Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Green space*Male | 3.3 (3.6) | −1.1 (1.8) | 6.7 (3.3) * | −1.2 (1.7) |
Notes: Unstandardized regression coefficients (s.e.); ref. = reference category; DASS = Depression Anxiety Stress scale total score; MANSA = Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life; s.e. = standard error. All models are adjusted for age, gender, level of education, partner status, employment status, origin, and household income. Percentage of green space is expressed as a fraction (0–1). ~ p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.