Fig. 4.

Macrophage functional and molecular assays to confirm M1 and M2 polarization. (a) Macrophages treated with LPS and $\mathrm{IFN}\text{-}\gamma$ produce significantly more nitric oxide than resting macrophages, consistent with the M1 phenotype. (b) Macrophages treated with IL-4 produce significantly more arginase 1 than resting macrophages, consistent with the M2 phenotype. (c, e) Macrophages treated with LPS and $\mathrm{IFN}\text{-}\gamma$ have significantly higher expression of arginase 2 and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ mRNA, respectively, than resting macrophages, consistent with the M1 phenotype. (d, f) Macrophages treated with IL-4 have significantly higher expression of arginase 1 and Ym1 than resting macrophages, consistent with the M2 phenotype.