Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Men (n=441) |
Women (n=591) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low T (n=441) | Middle T (n=442) | High T (n=441) | P-value* | Low T (n=591) | Middle T (n=591) | High T (n=591) | P-value* | |
| Age (yr) | 72.6±4.8 | 71.8±4.7 | 70.9±4.4 | <0.001 | 72.9±5.7 | 72.0±5.0 | 71.5±4.7 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.2±1.4 | 23.3±7.4 | 26.5±1.6 | <0.001 | 21.0±1.5 | 24.2±7.5 | 27.9±2.2 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 79 (17.9) | 95 (21.5) | 122 (27.7) | 0.002 | 97 (16.4) | 125 (21.2) | 158 (26.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 198 (44.9) | 252 (57.1) | 321 (72.8) | <0.001 | 333 (56.3) | 385 (65.1) | 444 (75.1) | <0.001 |
| Mean daily alcohol intake | 0.117 | 0.039 | ||||||
| Abstinence | 134 (30.4) | 123 (27.9) | 121 (27.4) | 378 (64.0) | 349 (59.1) | 365 (61.8) | ||
| Moderate drinking | 184 (41.7) | 211 (47.8) | 225 (51.0) | 173 (29.3) | 214 (36.2) | 203 (34.3) | ||
| Heavy drinking | 112 (25.4) | 95 (21.5) | 91 (20.6) | 24 (4.1) | 14 (2.4) | 13 (2.2) | ||
| No data | 11 (2.5) | 13 (2.9) | 4 (0.9) | 16 (2.7) | 14 (2.4) | 10 (1.7) | ||
| Smoking | <0.001 | 0.025 | ||||||
| Nonsmoker | 61 (13.8) | 62 (14.1) | 75 (17.0) | 518 (87.6) | 536 (90.7) | 539 (91.2) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 189 (42.9) | 205 (46.5) | 251 (56.9) | 19 (3.2) | 20 (3.4) | 26 (4.4) | ||
| Current smoker | 181 (41.0) | 163 (37.0) | 112 (25.4) | 38 (6.4) | 22 (3.7) | 17 (2.9) | ||
| No data | 10 (2.3) | 12 (2.7) | 3 (0.7) | 16 (2.7) | 13 (2.2) | 9 (1.5) | ||
| Occupational noise | 0.082 | 0.082 | 0.926 | |||||
| Exposure | 138 (31.3) | 146 (33.1) | 159 (36.1) | 48 (8.1) | 38 (6.4) | 35 (5.9) | ||
| Nonexposure | 219 (49.7) | 214 (48.5) | 221 (50.1) | 437 (73.9) | 443 (75.0) | 445 (75.3) | ||
| No data | 84 (19.0) | 82 (18.6) | 61 (13.8) | 106 (17.9) | 110 (18.6) | 111 (18.8) | ||
| Explosive noise | 0.676 | 0.310 | ||||||
| Exposure | 41 (9.3) | 51 (11.5) | 65 (14.7) | 30 (5.1) | 29 (4.9) | 27 (4.6) | ||
| Nonexposure | 320 (72.6) | 309 (69.9) | 315 (71.4) | 457 (77.3) | 452 (76.5) | 456 (77.2) | ||
| No data | 80 (18.1) | 82 (18.6) | 61 (13.8) | 104 (17.6) | 110 (18.6) | 108 (18.3) | ||
| AHT (dB) | 30.1±17.4 | 29.0±15.8 | 28.1±14.8 | 0.183 | 27.9±17.6 | 26.7±16.2 | 25.6±13.8 | 0.041 |
| ARHL | 248 (56.2) | 250 (56.7) | 238 (54.0) | 0.115 | 292 (49.4) | 271 (45.9) | 279 (47.2) | 0.074 |
Values are presented as mean±SD or number (%).
T, tertile; AHT, average hearing threshold; ARHL, age-related hearing loss.
*
P-values between males and females were tested by one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test for the categorical variables.