. 2016 Apr 27;17(5):633. doi: 10.3390/ijms17050633

Table 2.

Insulin sensitivity in studies comparing liver fat between PNPLA3 I148M carriers and non-carriers.

Cohort	N	BMI (kg/m²)			Liver Fat			Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-IR)			S-Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Cohort	N	I148^II	I148^IM	I148^MM	I148^II	I148^IM	I148^MM	I148^II	I148^IM	I148^MM	I148^II	I148^IM	I148^MM
Multiethnic ¹ [12]	2111	30.4	31.1	30.0	3.7% ^a	4.6% ^a	7.7% ***^,a	3.3	3.5	3.3	1.32	1.35	1.41
		31.6	32.0	32.2	3.1%	4.8%	4.8% ***	3.3	3.3	4.4	0.97	0.97	1.02
		29.2	28.8	28.8	3.5%	3.7%	3.5% ***	2.3	2.4	2.0	1.25	1.21	0.90
Germany [79]	330	29.9	29.1	28.7	5.4% ^a	6.0% ^a	7.2% ***^,a	12.6 ^v,z	12.9 ^v,z	12.9 ^v,z	NA	NA	NA
Finnish [80]	291	30.5	30.0	32.2	9.0% ^a	10.4% *^,a	14.1% **^,a	72 ^y,z	70 ^y,z	74 ^y,z	1.82	1.60	1.52
British [81]	98	34.6	33.2	31.7	26.7% ^a	28.8% ^a	33.5% ^a	2.4	3.1	2.6	1.60	1.70	1.40
Multiethnic ² [82]	1214	NA ^×	NA ^×	NA ^×	57 ^b	55 ^b	46 ***^,b	NA ^×	NA^×	NA^×	NA ^×	NA ^×	NA ^×
Multiethnic ² [82]	1214	NA ^×	NA ^×	NA ^×	55	51	47 ***	NA ^×	NA^×	NA^×	NA ^×	NA ^×	NA ^×
Dutch [83]	470	37.7	37.6	37.6	66% ^c	78% ^c	100% ***^,c	2.7	2.8	2.9	1.42	1.47	1.46
Italian [84]	61	25.7	25.9		16% ^d	32% *^,d		3.4	4.7		1.13	1.15
Italian [85]	253	30.7	30.7	29.8	44% ^c	48% ^c	63% **^,c	3.9	4	5.2	1.64	1.85	1.79
Italian [86]	211	32.1	30.4	31.7	4 ^e	4 ^e	4 ^e	3.5	3.5	2.8	1.77	1.59	1.26 **
Taiwanese [87]	879	23.3	23.6	23.6	13% ^f	19% ^f	23% *^,f	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.11	1.16	1.38 *
South Korean [88]	1363	24.7	24.4	23.9 **	38% ^f	45% ^f	54% *^,f	2.3	2.1	1.6 **	1.54	1.38	1.31 **
Taiwanese, pediatric [89]	520	26.3	26.2	25.9	21% ^f	13% ^f	30% **^,f	2.4	2.5	1.7	1.11	1.03	0.94
Italian, pediatric [90]	475	NA	NA	NA	13% ^f	19% ^f	41% *^,f	3.3	3.0	3.0	0.56	0.56	0.53
Italian, pediatric [91]	149	95.2 $°$	95.0 $°$	94.1 $°$	70% ^g	7% ^g	4% ***^,g	2.5	2.7	2.4	1.28	1.19	1.39
					30%	78%	4%
					0%	15%	92%

BMI, body mass index; CT, computed tomography; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [62]; HU, Houndsfield Unit; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not available; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; US, ultrasound. * Significant difference between groups in ANOVA or t test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean or median. ¹ Caucasian, African and Hispanic Americans; ² Hispanic and African Americas. $°$ BMI centiles; ^a ¹H-MRS (liver fat content,%); ^b CT (liver density, HU); ^c Histology (prevalence of steatosis, %); ^d Histology (% hepatocytes steatotic); ^e US (severity of steatosis by Hamaguchi score, 3–4 = moderate); ^f US (prevalence of steatosis, %); ^g Histology (severity of steatosis, grade 1/2/3); ^v OGTT (arbitrary unit); ^y fasting serum insulin (pmol/L); ^z hyperinsulinemic clamp was also performed, data not shown in the table; ^× Data not shown, but it was reported that genetic variation at rs738409 did not correlate with HOMA-IR, insulin sensitivity index, BMI or S-triglycerides.