| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ARB | Angiotensin receptor blocker |
| BCF | B cell failure |
| CAD | Coronary artery disease |
| EndMT | Endothelial to mesenchymal transition |
| FDR | False discovery rate |
| HI | Hyperinsulinemia |
| LSD | Late-stage diabetes |
| miRNA | Micro-RNA |
| MTPN | Myotrophin |
| NASH | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
| PCA | Principal component analysis |
| PD | Pre-diabetes |
| PDK-1 | Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 |
| SOCS3 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 |
| T2D | Type 2 diabetes |
| ZDF | Zucker diabetic fatty rats |
| Ct | Cycle threshhold |
| DPP-4i | Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors |
| HFD-mice | High fat diet-fed mice |
| SGLT2i | Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors |
| GLP-1a | Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues |
| NOD mice | Non-obese diabetic mice |
| PMID | PubMed Identifier |