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. 2015 Oct 20;4(10):e258. doi: 10.1038/mtna.2015.34

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Copyright © 2015 Official journal of the American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy

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nkRNA and PnkRNA did not induce an innate immune response, as demonstrated by expression of type I IFNs. (a,b) Levels of IFNα (a) and IFNβ (b) from mouse endothelial cells in culture medium 24 hours after transfection of nkRNA, PnkRNA, NIRNA, or TLR ligands were measured by specific ELISA. The numbers in x-axis showed concentrations (nM) of RNAs. TLR3, TLR7, or TLR9 revealed the ligand against each receptor. IFN, interferon; TLR, Toll-like receptor.