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. 2016 Jan 19;24(5):1003–1012. doi: 10.1038/mt.2015.227

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Characterization of the immune response to IL1bQb in rhesus monkeys. To assess immune response in rhesus monkey, 24 animals were injected subcutaneously six times every 14 days (day 1, 15, 29, 43, 57, and 71, see arrows) with a rhesus monkey version (rmIL1bQb, n = 12) or a human version (hIL1bQb, n = 12) of the IL-1β vaccine. Rhesus monkeys developed anti-IL-1β IgG antibody responses after one injection and neutralizing antibody responses after three to four injections. Anti-IL-1β IgG titers and neutralization titers are expressed as the reciprocals of the serum dilutions needed to achieve half-maximal signal in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or half-maximal inhibition of the IL-6 response in the cellular assay, respectively. (a) Two weeks after the last injection (day 84), animals were challenged with an intravenous injection of rhesus IL-1β. IL-6 concentrations were determined in serum collected after 3, 6, and 9 hours. Control animals treated with the virus-like particles carrier Qb showed pronounced IL-6 levels, while immunization with rmIL1bQb and hIL1bQb completely protected against the IL-1β challenge (b).