Table II.
Outcomes of fetal cardiac interventions
| Author | Institution | Dates of fetal enrollment | CHD | Intervention | Number of fetuses | %Technical success | %Adverse outcome | %Biventricular outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maxwell et al. [15] | Guy's Hospital, London | Fetal critical AS | Balloon valvuloplasty | 2 | 100 (2/2) | Fetal bradycardia (n = 15), fetal demise (n = 1) | ||
| Tworetzky et al. [24] | Boston Children's Hospital | 2000–2004 | Fetal critical AS | Balloon valvuloplasty (percutaneous route (n = 10); uterine exposure via a mini-laparotomy (n = 10)) | 24 | 70 (14/20) | Fetal demise (n = 2), balloons rupture (n = 2), severe bradycardia (n = 1) | 21.4 (3/14) |
| Kohl et al. [27] | Guy's and St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, etc. |
1989–1997 | Fetal critical AS | Balloon valvuloplasty | 12 | 58.3 (7/12) | Fetal bradycardia (n = 2), bleeding (n = 1), postnatal death from cardiac dysfunction (n = 6) | |
| Arzt et al. [28] | Women's and Children's Hospital Linz | 2001–2009 | Fetal critical AS | Balloon valvuloplasty | 23 | 69.6 (16/23) | Fetal bradycardia (n = 9), bleeding (n = 3), left ventricular thrombus (n = 5), catheter torn off (n = 2), fetal demise (n = 3) | 66.7 (10/15) |
| Selamet Tierney et al. [30] | Boston Children's Hospital | 2000–2006 | Fetal critical AS | Balloon valvuloplasty | 30 | 86.7 (26/30) | 30.8 (8/26) | |
| McElhinney et al. [36] | Boston Children's Hospital | 2000–2008 | Fetal critical AS | Balloon valvuloplasty | 70 | 74 (52/70) | 100 | |
| Tworetzky et al. [37] | Boston Children's Hospital | 2002–2008 | Pulmonary atresia-critical stenosis with intact ventricular septum | Pulmonary valvuloplasty (limited laparotomy (n = 6)) | 10 | 60 (6/10) | Fetal hemodynamic instability (bradycardia and left ventricular dysfunction) (n = 6) | 80 (4/5) |
| Gómez Montes et al. [41] | Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Madrid | 2003–2012 | Pulmonary atresia-critical stenosis with intact ventricular septum | Pulmonary valvuloplasty | 4 | 100 (4/4) | Postnatal death (n = 2) | |
| Marshall et al. [49] | Boston Children's Hospital | 2002–2003 | Intact (n = 4) or highly restrictive (n = 3) atrial septum | Atrial septoplasty | 7 | 85.7 (6/7) | Fetal demise (n = 1), postnatal death (n = 4) | |
| Marshall et al. [50] | Boston Children's Hospital | 2001–2007 | Highly restrictive or intact atrial septum | Atrial septoplasty | 21 | 90.5 (19/21) | Fetal demise (n = 2) | |
| Chaturvedi et al. [51] | The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto | 2000–2012 | Highly restrictive or intact atrial septum | Fetal stenting of the atrial septum | 10 | Fetal demise (n = 2), postnatal death (n = 4) | ||
| Kalish et al. [52] | Boston Children's Hospital | 2005–2012 | Intact atrial septum | Fetal stenting of the atrial septum (n = 5); atrial balloon septoplasty (n = 4) | 5 + 4 | 80 (4/5) for stenting; 75 (3/4) for atrial balloon septoplasty | Fetal demise (n = 1) |
AS – aortic stenosis, CHD – congenital heart defect.