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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Genet. 2013 Oct;14(10):692–702. doi: 10.1038/nrg3604

Figure 2. An abridged hypoxia-inducible factor 1 pathway.

Figure 2

Distinct genes in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) pathway are implicated in adaptation in different high-altitude populations (living at altitudes >2,500 metres above sea level) owing to convergent adaptation. Each gene interaction involving a candidate adaptive gene for high altitude is shown in relation to the HIF1 pathway. Genes that have been implicated as candidate adaptive genes in high-altitude Ethiopian populations78,79, high-altitude Tibetan populations33,49,76,77, and high-altitude Tibetan and Andean populations74 are indicated. HIF1α (also known as EPAS1) and HIF1β (also known as ARNT2) form a heterodimer known as the HIF1 transcription complex. Thyroid hormone receptor-β (THRB) is required for the expression of the HIF1 transcription complex, RAR-related orphan receptor A (RORA) induces transcription of HIF1α, egl nine homologue 1(EGLN1) is involved in the degradation of the HIF1 transcription complex, and the HIF1 transcription complex inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARA) expression.