| ALSPAC | Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children |
| BMI | body mass index |
| DNBC | Danish National Birth Cohort |
| DIPP | Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention |
| FFQ | food frequency questionnaire |
| LMC | lead maternity carer |
| NMC | Norwegian Mother and Child |
| NZ | New Zealand |
| PCA | principal components analysis |
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