Skip to main content
. 2016 May 19;8(5):300. doi: 10.3390/nu8050300

Table 2.

Association of each maternal dietary pattern with various maternal socio-demographic, health and lifestyle factors, adjusting for all other factors in the table (Parameter estimates (PE) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)).

Junk Health Conscious Traditional/White Bread Fusion/Protein
p PE 95% CI p PE 95% CI p PE 95% CI p PE 95% CI
Age group (years) <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
<20 0.56 0.41, 0.71 −0.38 −0.54, −0.22 0.48 0.34, 0.63 −0.12 −0.27, 0.03
20–29 0.12 0.07, 0.18 −0.13 −0.19, −0.07 0.19 0.13, 0.24 −0.12 −0.18, −0.06
30–39 Ref Ref Ref Ref
40 and over −0.15 −0.28, −0.02 0.15 0.01, −0.28 0.10 −0.03, 0.23 0.14 0.01, 0.27
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) 0.271 −0.003 −0.0078, 0.0022 0.002 −0.008 −0.0135, −0.0030 0.420 −0.002 −0.0069, 0.0029 0.033 −0.006 −0.0105, −0.0004
Self-prioritized ethnicity <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
European Ref Ref Ref Ref
Maori 0.21 0.12, 0.29 0.02 −0.07, 0.11 0.40 0.31, 0.48 0.12 0.04, 0.21
Pacific 0.25 0.14, 0.35 −0.04 −0.15, 0.07 0.56 0.46, 0.67 0.52 0.42, 0.63
Asian −0.32 −0.41, −0.23 −0.60 −0.70, −0.51 0.09 0.00, 0.18 0.88 0.79, 0.98
Other −0.13 −0.26, 0.00 −0.21 −0.34, −0.07 0.02 −0.11, 0.15 0.27 0.14, 0.40
Place of birth 0.006 0.001 0.948 <0.0001
New Zealand Ref Ref Ref Ref
Outside New Zealand −0.09 −0.16, −0.03 −0.12 −0.19, −0.05 0.00 −0.07, 0.06 0.18 0.11, 0.25
Education 0.034 <0.0001 0.005 0.339
Primary 0.17 0.04, 0.30 −0.11 −0.24, 0.03 0.21 0.08, 0.33 −0.10 −0.23, 0.03
Secondary 0.01 −0.05, 0.07 −0.20 −0.26, −0.13 0.04 −0.02, 0.10 −0.01 −0.08, 0.05
Tertiary Ref Ref Ref Ref
Socioeconomic deprivation 0.750 0.103 <0.0001 0.336
1 to 2 (least deprived) −0.05 −0.14, 0.03 0.11 0.02, 0.20 −0.23 −0.32, −0.15 −0.07 −0.16, 0.01
3 to 4 −0.04 −0.12, 0.04 0.03 −0.05, 0.12 −0.19 −0.27, −0.11 −0.07 −0.15, 0.01
5 to 6 −0.05 −0.13, 0.03 0.06 −0.02, 0.15 −0.18 −0.26, −0.10 −0.02 −0.10, 0.06
7 to 8 −0.03 −0.11, 0.05 0.08 −0.01, 0.16 −0.13 −0.20, −0.05 −0.05 −0.13, 0.03
9 to 10 (most deprived) Ref Ref Ref Ref
Pregnancy planning 0.390 0.206 0.0002 0.034
Planned 0.03 −0.03, 0.09 0.04 −0.02, 0.11 −0.12 −0.18, −0.06 −0.07 −0.13, −0.01
Unplanned Ref Ref Ref Ref
Parity 0.061 0.763 <0.0001 0.017
First child Ref Ref Ref Ref
Subsequent child 0.05 0.00, 0.10 0.01 −0.05, 0.06 0.24 0.19, 0.30 −0.06 −0.12, −0.01
LMC type 0.046 0.174 0.056 0.841
GP (Family doctor) −0.13 −0.43, 0.17 −0.11 −0.42, 0.20 0.09 −0.21, 0.38 −0.08 −0.38, 0.23
Independent midwife Ref Ref Ref Ref
Hospital midwife −0.02 −0.09, 0.05 −0.05 −0.12, 0.03 −0.01 −0.08, 0.06 0.05 −0.03, 0.12
Obstetrician 0.11 0.02, 0.20 −0.10 −0.19, 0.00 −0.14 −0.23, −0.06 0.00 −0.09, 0.09
Shared care GP & midwife 0.03 −0.10, 0.16 −0.11 −0.25, 0.02 −0.01 −0.14, 0.11 0.01 −0.12, 0.14
Combination of care 0.11 0.01, 0.22 0.00 −0.10, 0.11 −0.03 −0.13, 0.07 −0.02 −0.12, 0.09
Season of interview 0.470 0.939 0.0006 0.624
Summer Ref Ref Ref Ref
Autumn 0.05 −0.04, 0.13 0.01 −0.08, 0.10 −0.06 −0.14, 0.02 0.02 −0.06, 0.10
Winter 0.01 −0.07, 0.08 −0.01 −0.09, 0.07 0.08 0.01, 0.15 −0.02 −0.10, 0.05
Spring 0.04 −0.03, 0.12 −0.01 −0.09, 0.06 −0.01 −0.08, 0.06 0.01 −0.06, 0.08
Maternal self-rating of health 0.013 <0.0001 0.844 0.0005
Poor/Fair 0.13 0.03, 0.22 −0.20 −0.30, −0.09 0.02 −0.08, 0.11 −0.14 −0.24, −0.04
Good 0.08 0.02, 0.14 −0.10 −0.17, −0.04 0.01 −0.05, 0.07 −0.05 −0.11, 0.01
Very good Ref Ref Ref Ref
Excellent −0.01 −0.07, 0.06 0.04 −0.03, 0.11 −0.02 −0.09, 0.04 0.07 0.00, 0.13
Nausea/sickness—after 1st trimester 0.140 0.018 0.401 0.084
No nausea −0.05 −0.11, 0.01 −0.06 −0.12, 0.00 0.03 −0.03, 0.09 −0.05 −0.11, 0.01
Mild nausea (Nausea only) Ref Ref Ref Ref
Moderate Nausea (occasionally sick) −0.09 −0.18, 0.00 −0.15 −0.24, −0.06 0.02 −0.07, 0.11 −0.10 −0.19, −0.01
Severe nausea (regularly sick, can’t hold meals) 0.01 −0.12, 0.14 −0.03 −0.17, 0.10 0.11 −0.02, 0.23 −0.13 −0.25, 0.00
EDPS 1 0.0005 0.138 0.284 0.102
No (<13) Ref Ref Ref Ref
Yes (≥13) 0.14 0.06, 0.23 −0.06 −0.15, 0.02 −0.04 −0.12, 0.04 −0.07 −0.15, 0.01
Folic acid intake 0.0002 0.006 <0.0001 0.0002
Never taken folic acid Ref Ref Ref Ref
Before pregnancy −0.20 −0.30, −0.10 0.17 0.07, 0.28 −0.25 −0.35, −0.15 −0.12 −0.22, −0.02
After pregnancy −0.18 −0.27,−0.09 0.12 0.03, 0.22 −0.13 −0.22, −0.04 −0.18 −0.27, −0.09
Pre/during pregnancy smoking patterns 0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.007
Continued smoking 0.21 0.11, 0.31 −0.34 −0.45, −0.23 0.53 0.43, 0.63 −0.11 −0.21, −0.01
Stopped smoking 0.07 −0.02, 0.16 −0.07 −0.17, 0.02 0.14 0.05, 0.23 −0.13 −0.22, −0.03
Non-smokers Ref Ref Ref Ref
Pre/during pregnancy alcohol consumption 0.0003 0.646 0.008 0.109
Any drinking during 0.13 0.06, 0.20 −0.01 −0.08, 0.07 −0.11 −0.18, −0.04 −0.06 −0.13, 0.02
Stopped drinking 0.12 0.06, 0.19 0.02 −0.05, 0.09 −0.07 −0.14, −0.01 −0.07 −0.14, 0.00
Non-drinkers Ref Ref Ref Ref
Pre/during pregnancy physical activity 0.414 <0.0001 0.004 0.0004
Mod/vigorous activity during 0.03 −0.12, 0.19 0.11 −0.06, 0.27 0.03 −0.12, 0.19 0.10 −0.06, 0.26
No mod/vigorous activity during 0.01 −0.05, 0.07 0.13 0.06, 0.19 −0.11 −0.17, −0.05 0.09 0.03, 0.16
Mod/vigorous activity before & during −0.04 −0.10, 0.02 0.16 0.10, 0.22 −0.01 −0.07, 0.04 0.12 0.06, 0.18
No mod/vigorous activity before & during Ref Ref Ref Ref
Actively dieting pre-pregnancy <0.0001 0.050 <0.001 0.133
Yes 0.14 0.08, 0.20 −0.06 −0.12, 0.00 −0.14 −0.20, −0.08 −0.05 −0.11, 0.01
No Ref Ref Ref Ref

1 EPDS score of 13 or greater indicates that a women is likely to be suffering from symptoms of depression [26]; BMI, body mass index; LMC, lead maternity carer; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; ref, reference.