Table 2.
Use of healthcare services (incidence rate ratios, IRR). Results of standard or zero-inflated negative binomial regression models¶ across immigrant groups
| Use of Primary Care (visits to doctor) | Use of Specialised Care | Use of Hospital Care (total admissions) | Use of Hospital Care (unplanned admissions) | Use of Emergency Care | Pharmacy Use | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRRa | IRRb | IRRa | IRRb | IRRa | IRRb | IRRa | IRRb | IRRa | IRRb | IRRa | IRRb | |
| Length of stay in Spain < 5 years | ||||||||||||
| Children | ||||||||||||
| Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Immigrants | 0.79† | 0.93† | 0.59† | 0.70† | 1.02 | 1.30† | 0.83* | 1.03 | 0.76† | 0.92* | 0.66† | 0.71† |
| Africa | 0.80† | 0.95† | 0.57† | 0.67† | 1.45† | 1.81† | 0.95 | 1.15 | 0.59† | 0.69† | 0.75† | 0.87† |
| Asia | 0.59† | 0.83† | 0.39† | 0.55† | 0.32* | 0.51 | 0.43* | 0.69 | 1.03 | 1.50† | 0.35† | 0.41† |
| Eastern Europe | 0.84† | 0.96† | 0.55† | 0.65† | 0.81* | 1.01 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.89* | 1.07 | 0.66† | 0.70† |
| Latin America | 0.78† | 0.92† | 0.75† | 0.88* | 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 0.78† | 0.92 | 0.65† | 0.64† |
| Western Europe & North America | 0.52† | 0.69† | 0.45† | 0.57† | 0.54 | 0.8 | 0.68 | 1.0 | 0.60† | 0.79 | 0.41† | 0.40† |
| Adults | ||||||||||||
| Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Immigrants | 0.68† | 0.88† | 0.60† | 0.71† | 0.78† | 0.91† | 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.87† | 1.05* | 0.37† | 0.41† |
| Africa | 0.88† | 1.06† | 0.68† | 0.72† | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.42† | 1.36† | 0.96 | 1.07* | 0.40† | 0.45† |
| Asia | 0.46† | 0.75† | 0.52† | 0.65† | 0.74* | 0.88 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.82* | 1.12 | 0.26† | 0.33† |
| Eastern Europe | 0.57† | 0.80† | 0.52† | 0.65† | 0.67† | 0.83† | 0.79† | 0.89* | 0.77† | 0.98 | 0.34† | 0.37† |
| Latin America | 0.76† | 0.88† | 0.84† | 0.99 | 0.84† | 0.96 | 0.88* | 0.97 | 1.02 | 1.19† | 0.40† | 0.45† |
| Western Europe & North America | 0.44† | 0.69† | 0.39† | 0.49† | 0.40† | 0.54† | 0.47† | 0.58* | 0.47† | 0.62† | 0.38† | 0.36† |
| Length of stay in Spain ≥ 5 years | ||||||||||||
| Children | ||||||||||||
| Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Immigrants | 0.77† | 0.90† | 0.61† | 0.69† | 0.79* | 0.93 | 0.71* | 0.84 | 0.69† | 0.79† | 0.55† | 0.60† |
| Africa | 0.80† | 0.90† | 0.56† | 0.62† | 0.53† | 0.58† | 0.62* | 0.7 | 0.54† | 0.60† | 0.58† | 0.58† |
| Asia | 0.63† | 0.84† | 0.56† | 0.72* | 0.44 | 0.65 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 1.29 | 0.55† | 0.72* |
| Eastern Europe | 0.78† | 0.90† | 0.59† | 0.65† | 0.88 | 1.04 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.80† | 0.9 | 0.60† | 0.63† |
| Latin America | 0.78† | 0.92† | 0.73† | 0.86* | 1.2 | 1.53* | 0.87 | 1.02 | 0.71† | 0.82* | 0.42† | 0.53† |
| Western Europe & North America | 0.61† | 0.78† | 0.61† | 0.73* | 0.68 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.05 | 0.69* | 0.86 | 0.52† | 0.83* |
| Adults | ||||||||||||
| Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Immigrants | 0.88† | 0.95† | 0.71† | 0.74† | 0.78† | 0.83† | 0.91† | 0.94* | 1.07† | 1.16† | 0.53† | 0.54† |
| Africa | 1.04† | 1.10† | 0.71† | 0.70† | 0.74† | 0.76† | 0.97 | 0.98 | 1.06* | 1.11† | 0.54† | 0.56† |
| Asia | 0.67† | 0.84† | 0.64† | 0.74† | 0.71* | 0.81 | 0.92 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.24† | 0.41† | 0.47† |
| Eastern Europe | 0.80† | 0.90† | 0.72† | 0.76† | 0.76† | 0.83† | 0.87* | 0.93* | 1.03* | 1.14† | 0.53† | 0.55† |
| Latin America | 0.91† | 0.93† | 0.90† | 0.92† | 0.86† | 0.89† | 0.94 | 0.96 | 1.25† | 1.32† | 0.49† | 0.50† |
| Western Europe & North America | 0.68† | 0.79† | 0.64† | 0.66† | 0.74† | 0.81* | 0.78* | 0.82* | 0.65† | 0.73† | 0.73† | 0.71† |
aAdjusted by age and sex bAdjusted by age, sex and morbidity burden
¶In those cases where the Vuong test was statistically non-significant showing large negative values, standard negative binomial models were employed, *p < 0.05, † p < 0.001