Table 2.

Crude and covariate-adjusted hazard ratios of mortality risk associated with sleep medication, during 13–15 years of follow-up of the Hordaland Health Study (1997–1999). Total number of deaths: 622

Exposure	n	Deaths, n (%)	Crude model	Adjusted modela	Fully adjusted modelb
Sleep medication
Sleep medication use
No sleep medication	21,667	609 (2.8)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Any sleep medication	159	13 (8.2)	3.36 (1.85–6.10)	2.90 (1.59–5.30)	1.97 (1.06–3.66)
Frequency of sleep medication use
No sleep medication	21,668	609 (2.8)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Non-daily usage	78	3 (3.8)	1.74 (0.56–5.40)	1.51 (0.49–4.71)	1.08 (0.34–3.41)
Daily usage	80	10 (12.5)	5.25 (2.61–10.55)	4.49 (2.26–9.07)	2.87 (1.40–5.91)
Type of sleep medication
No sleep medication	21,668	609 (2.8)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Z-drugs	112	7 (6.3)	2.43 (1.09–5.43)	2.17 (0.97–4.88)	1.53 (0.67–3.48)
Benzodiazepines	46	6 (13.0)	6.45 (2.67–15.57)	5.04 (2.08–12.21)	3.08 (1.25–7.58)

Data are presented as n (%) or HR (95 % CI)

CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio

^aAdjusted for demographical and lifestyle factors

^bFurther adjusted for mental health problems (CONOR MHI), somatic diagnoses, pain, and blood pressure