Table 1.
Baseline demographics and comorbidities, treatment at index
| Baseline characteristic | Total (n = 5475) | % | ICS/LABA or LAMA (n = 4991) | % | Triple (n = 484) | % | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean, SD) | 70.55 | 11.5 | 70.60 | 11.5 | 70.02 | 11.3 | 0.29 |
| Male | 2393 | 43.7 | 2145 | 43.0 | 248 | 51.2 | <0.001 |
| Health insurance at index | |||||||
| Commercial | 1778 | 32.5 | 1606 | 32.2 | 172 | 35.5 | 0.13 |
| Medicaid | 655 | 12.0 | 594 | 11.9 | 61 | 12.6 | 0.65 |
| Medicare | 3071 | 56.1 | 2818 | 56.5 | 253 | 52.3 | 0.08 |
| CMS comorbidities | |||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 534 | 9.8 | 490 | 9.8 | 44 | 9.1 | 0.61 |
| Cancers | 370 | 6.8 | 344 | 6.9 | 26 | 5.4 | 0.20 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 870 | 15.9 | 789 | 15.8 | 81 | 16.7 | 0.59 |
| Diabetes | 1358 | 24.8 | 1243 | 24.9 | 115 | 23.8 | 0.58 |
| Heart failure | 986 | 18.0 | 891 | 17.9 | 95 | 19.6 | 0.33 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1343 | 24.5 | 1214 | 24.3 | 129 | 26.7 | 0.26 |
| Rheumatoid or osteo-arthritis | 1443 | 26.4 | 1349 | 27.0 | 94 | 19.4 | <0.001 |
| Stroke/TIA | 387 | 7.1 | 353 | 7.1 | 34 | 7.0 | 0.97 |
| Any CMS comorbidity | 3615 | 66.0 | 3315 | 66.4 | 300 | 62.0 | 0.05 |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | |||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 903 | 16.5 | 825 | 16.5 | 78 | 16.1 | 0.82 |
| Deficiency anemias | 773 | 14.1 | 704 | 14.1 | 69 | 14.3 | 0.93 |
| Depression | 917 | 16.7 | 837 | 16.8 | 80 | 16.5 | 0.89 |
| Diabetes (without chronic complications) | 1304 | 23.8 | 1201 | 24.1 | 103 | 21.3 | 0.17 |
| Diabetes (with chronic complications) | 442 | 8.1 | 406 | 8.1 | 36 | 7.4 | 0.59 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 686 | 12.5 | 614 | 12.3 | 72 | 14.9 | 0.10 |
| Hypertension | 3374 | 61.6 | 3098 | 62.1 | 276 | 57.0 | 0.03 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1032 | 18.8 | 936 | 18.8 | 96 | 19.8 | 0.56 |
| Obesity | 717 | 13.1 | 671 | 13.4 | 46 | 9.5 | 0.01 |
| Other neurological disorders | 514 | 9.4 | 471 | 9.4 | 43 | 8.9 | 0.69 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 878 | 16.0 | 793 | 15.9 | 85 | 17.6 | 0.34 |
| Psychoses | 573 | 10.5 | 534 | 10.7 | 39 | 8.1 | 0.07 |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 625 | 11.4 | 545 | 10.9 | 80 | 16.5 | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 468 | 8.5 | 425 | 8.5 | 43 | 8.9 | 0.78 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 343 | 6.3 | 319 | 6.4 | 24 | 5.0 | 0.21 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 533 | 9.7 | 493 | 9.9 | 40 | 8.3 | 0.25 |
| Valvular disease | 630 | 11.5 | 567 | 11.4 | 63 | 13.0 | 0.28 |
| Weight loss | 327 | 6.0 | 298 | 6.0 | 29 | 6.0 | 0.98 |
| Any Elixhauser diagnosis | 5028 | 91.8 | 4601 | 92.2 | 427 | 88.2 | 0.002 |
| Other comorbidities | |||||||
| Asthma | 1813 | 33.1 | 1669 | 33.4 | 144 | 29.8 | 0.01 |
| Hypoxemia | 1994 | 36.4 | 1756 | 35.2 | 238 | 49.2 | <0.0001 |
| Pneumonia | 1908 | 34.8 | 1730 | 34.7 | 178 | 36.8 | 0.35 |
p values are from Chi-square test (percentages) and Student’s t test (continuous variables)
CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, ICS inhaled corticosteroid, LABA long-acting beta-agonist, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist, SD standard deviation, TIA transient ischemic attack