Table 1.

High-risk medicines and medicine combinations included in this study

High-risk category	Medicine details
NSAID plus	Angiotensin conversing enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor antagonist and diuretic
	eGFR below 60 mL/min
	Heart failure
	Warfarin
	Age over 75 years and no PPI protection
Warfarin plus	Antiplatelet
	NSAID
	Macrolide
	Quinolone
	Metronidazole
	Azole antifungal
Heart failure plus	Glitazone
	NSAID
	Tricyclic antidepressant
Aged over 60 years and taking	Benzodiazepines/hypnotics
	Tricyclic antidepressants
	Antipsychotics (including prochlorperazine for nausea/vertigo)
	Sedating antihistamines
	Anticholinergics (see list below)
	Antihypertensive plus diuretic
	Digoxin
Anticholinergics with a clinically significant effect	Amitriptyline
	Amoxapine
	Atropine
	Benztropine
	Chlorpheniramine
	Chlorpromazine
	Clemastine
	Clomipramine
	Clozapine
	Darifenacin
	Desipramine
	Dicyclomine
	Diphenhydramine
	Doxepin
	Flavoxate
	Hydroxyzine
	Hyoscyamine
	Imipramine
	Meclizine
	Nortriptyline
	Orphenadrine
	Oxybutynin
	Paroxetine
	Perphenazine
	Procyclidine
	Promazine
	Promethazine
	Propentheline
	Pyrilamine
	Scopolamine
	Tolterodine
	Trifluoperazine
	Trihexyphenidyl
	Trimipramine

eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, PPI proton pump inhibitor