Table 2.
Selected overview of current TEHVs and scaffolds for TEHVs.
Technique | Additional detail | Material | Type of construct | Cell seeding | Study type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decellularization | Hypotonic, SDS, EDTA, DNase, RNase | Porcine and ovine aortic roots | Whole valve | N/A | In vivo in abdominal aorta of pigs; in vivo in RVOT of juvenile sheep | 48 |
Decellularization | Sodium deoxycholate, DNase, EDTA | Rat aortic roots | Whole valve | N/A | In vitro architecture characterization and reseeding in vivo implantation | 49 |
Decellularization | Water lysis, Triton X-100; reseeded with cells or conjugated with CD133 | Porcine pulmonary valves | Whole valve | N/A | In vivo implanation in sheep in pulmonary position | 50 |
Decellularization | Hypotonic solution, Triton X-100, SLS; treated with PEG; fixed in glutaraldehyde and detoxified | Porcine aortic valves | Stented valve | N/A | Bioreactor | 51 |
Decellularization | SDS, Triton X-100; coated with fibronectin and stromal cell-derived factor-1α | Ovine aortic valves | Whole valve | N/A | Implanted in sheep pulmonary position | 52 |
Molding | Fibrinogen with cells casted into mold and polymerized with thrombin | Fibrin | Whole valve | Ovine carotid artery SMCs and fibroblasts; seeded endothelial cells after conditioning | Bioreactor conditioning for 28 days; implantation in ovine pulmonary position for 3 months | 74 |
Molding | PHO casted onto aluminum valve cast | Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHO) | Whole valve | Initial seeding with ovine carotid artery vascular cells then with venous endothelial cells | Implanted into pulmonary position of lamb | 85 |
Molding | Scaffold stitched to inner surface of stent wires | Polyglycolic-acid coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate | Self-expandable stented valve | Ovine amniotic fluid cells | Implanted into ovine pulmonary position in-utero | 87 |
Electrospinning | Poly(ester urethane) urea (PEUU) | Tissue scaffold | N/A | Mechanical characterization | 99 | |
Electrospinning | Poly(glycerol sebacate):poly(caprolactone) | Tissue scaffold | Human VICs | In vitro characterization of scaffold | 101 | |
Electrospinning | Poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate-poly(lactic acid) | Whole valve | Porcine VICs and VECs | Bioreactor conditioning | 104 | |
3D bioprinting | Alginate/gelatin | Whole valve | Porcine aortic VICs and SMCs | Static culture | 114 | |
3D bioprinting | Poly(ethyleneglycol)-diacrylate | Whole valve | Porcine aortic VICs | Static culture | 115 | |
3D bioprinting | Methacrylated hyaluronic acid/methacrylated gelatin | Whole valve | Human aortic VICs | Static culture | 116 | |
Hybrid | Initially seeded with vascular cells then decellularized and reseeded with MSCs | Polyglycolic-acid coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate | Self-expandable stented valve | Ovine vascular cells, ovine MSCs | Bioreactor conditioning | 119 |
Hybrid | Initially seeded with vascular cells then decellularized | Polyglycolic-acid coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate | Self-expandable stented valve | Human/ovine vascular cells | Bioreactor conditioning, in vivo implantation in non-human primate and ovine pulmonary position | 120,121 |
Hybrid | Seeded construct conditioned in bioreactor first then decellularized | Fibrin | Tube-in-tube stented valve | Ovine determal fibroblasts | Bioreactor conditioning | 122 |
Hybrid | Molded self-assembled sheets (8 layers) | Self-assembled fibroblast sheets | Whole valve | Human dermal fibroblasts | Bioreactor conditioning | 123 |
Hybrid | Leaflets formed by self-assembled sheets cut and sutured onto stent | Self-assembled fibroblast sheets | Stented valve | Human dermal fibroblasts | Bioreactor conditioning | 124 |
Hybrid | Incorporated PCL fibers into PEG hydrogels and seeded cellson top | Poly(caprolactone) and poly(ethyleneglycol) | Tissue scaffold | Porcine aortic VICs | In vitro characterization of scaffold | 125 |
Hybrid | Immersed PGS/PCL fibers into Me-HA/Me-Gel solution and crosslinked; cells seeded on PGS/PCL and encapsulated in Me-HA/Me-Gel | Poly(glycerol sebacate)-poly(ε-caprolactone) and methacrylated hyaluronic acid/methacrylated gelatin | Tissue scaffold | Ovine mitral VICs | In vitro characterization of scaffold | 126 |
In vivo engineering | PU mesh wrapped around silicone valve-shaped molds; tissue membrane act as leaflets | Polyurethane mesh, tissue membrane | Whole valve | N/A | In vitro characterization after in vivo synthesis in subcutaneous layer in rabbit | 129 |
In vivo engineering | Silicone rod, polyurethane scaffold | Self-expandable stented valve | N/A | In vitro characterization after in vivo synthesis in subcutaneous layer in goat | 131 |