Decellularization |
Hypotonic, SDS, EDTA, DNase, RNase |
Porcine and ovine aortic roots |
Whole valve |
N/A |
In vivo in abdominal aorta of pigs; in vivo in RVOT of juvenile sheep |
48
|
Decellularization |
Sodium deoxycholate, DNase, EDTA |
Rat aortic roots |
Whole valve |
N/A |
In vitro architecture characterization and reseeding in vivo implantation |
49
|
Decellularization |
Water lysis, Triton X-100; reseeded with cells or conjugated with CD133 |
Porcine pulmonary valves |
Whole valve |
N/A |
In vivo implanation in sheep in pulmonary position |
50
|
Decellularization |
Hypotonic solution, Triton X-100, SLS; treated with PEG; fixed in glutaraldehyde and detoxified |
Porcine aortic valves |
Stented valve |
N/A |
Bioreactor |
51
|
Decellularization |
SDS, Triton X-100; coated with fibronectin and stromal cell-derived factor-1α |
Ovine aortic valves |
Whole valve |
N/A |
Implanted in sheep pulmonary position |
52
|
Molding |
Fibrinogen with cells casted into mold and polymerized with thrombin |
Fibrin |
Whole valve |
Ovine carotid artery SMCs and fibroblasts; seeded endothelial cells after conditioning |
Bioreactor conditioning for 28 days; implantation in ovine pulmonary position for 3 months |
74
|
Molding |
PHO casted onto aluminum valve cast |
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHO) |
Whole valve |
Initial seeding with ovine carotid artery vascular cells then with venous endothelial cells |
Implanted into pulmonary position of lamb |
85
|
Molding |
Scaffold stitched to inner surface of stent wires |
Polyglycolic-acid coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate |
Self-expandable stented valve |
Ovine amniotic fluid cells |
Implanted into ovine pulmonary position in-utero |
87
|
Electrospinning |
|
Poly(ester urethane) urea (PEUU) |
Tissue scaffold |
N/A |
Mechanical characterization |
99
|
Electrospinning |
|
Poly(glycerol sebacate):poly(caprolactone) |
Tissue scaffold |
Human VICs |
In vitro characterization of scaffold |
101
|
Electrospinning |
|
Poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate-poly(lactic acid) |
Whole valve |
Porcine VICs and VECs |
Bioreactor conditioning |
104
|
3D bioprinting |
|
Alginate/gelatin |
Whole valve |
Porcine aortic VICs and SMCs |
Static culture |
114
|
3D bioprinting |
|
Poly(ethyleneglycol)-diacrylate |
Whole valve |
Porcine aortic VICs |
Static culture |
115
|
3D bioprinting |
|
Methacrylated hyaluronic acid/methacrylated gelatin |
Whole valve |
Human aortic VICs |
Static culture |
116
|
Hybrid |
Initially seeded with vascular cells then decellularized and reseeded with MSCs |
Polyglycolic-acid coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate |
Self-expandable stented valve |
Ovine vascular cells, ovine MSCs |
Bioreactor conditioning |
119
|
Hybrid |
Initially seeded with vascular cells then decellularized |
Polyglycolic-acid coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate |
Self-expandable stented valve |
Human/ovine vascular cells |
Bioreactor conditioning, in vivo implantation in non-human primate and ovine pulmonary position |
120,121
|
Hybrid |
Seeded construct conditioned in bioreactor first then decellularized |
Fibrin |
Tube-in-tube stented valve |
Ovine determal fibroblasts |
Bioreactor conditioning |
122
|
Hybrid |
Molded self-assembled sheets (8 layers) |
Self-assembled fibroblast sheets |
Whole valve |
Human dermal fibroblasts |
Bioreactor conditioning |
123
|
Hybrid |
Leaflets formed by self-assembled sheets cut and sutured onto stent |
Self-assembled fibroblast sheets |
Stented valve |
Human dermal fibroblasts |
Bioreactor conditioning |
124
|
Hybrid |
Incorporated PCL fibers into PEG hydrogels and seeded cellson top |
Poly(caprolactone) and poly(ethyleneglycol) |
Tissue scaffold |
Porcine aortic VICs |
In vitro characterization of scaffold |
125
|
Hybrid |
Immersed PGS/PCL fibers into Me-HA/Me-Gel solution and crosslinked; cells seeded on PGS/PCL and encapsulated in Me-HA/Me-Gel |
Poly(glycerol sebacate)-poly(ε-caprolactone) and methacrylated hyaluronic acid/methacrylated gelatin |
Tissue scaffold |
Ovine mitral VICs |
In vitro characterization of scaffold |
126
|
In vivo engineering |
PU mesh wrapped around silicone valve-shaped molds; tissue membrane act as leaflets |
Polyurethane mesh, tissue membrane |
Whole valve |
N/A |
In vitro characterization after in vivo synthesis in subcutaneous layer in rabbit |
129
|
In vivo engineering |
|
Silicone rod, polyurethane scaffold |
Self-expandable stented valve |
N/A |
In vitro characterization after in vivo synthesis in subcutaneous layer in goat |
131
|