Table 4. Utilization of office-based physicians with different medical specialities by socioeconomic status in men and women.
| Men | Women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 1a | Model 2b | |||||||
| % | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | % | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Ophthalmology | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 22.5 | 1.21 (0.90–1.63) | 0.206 | 1.02 (0.74–1.39) | 0.906 | 29.9 | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) | 0.240 | 0.76 (0.57–1.01) | 0.062 |
| Middle SES | 20.5 | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.580 | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 0.863 | 28.3 | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 0.159 | 0.80 (0.65–1.00) | 0.048 |
| High SES | 22.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 33.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Surgery/orthopaedics | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 29.2 | 1.32 (1.01–1.73) | 0.042 | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 0.669 | 33.1 | 1.39 (1.07–1.82) | 0.015 | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 0.396 |
| Middle SES | 30.3 | 1.43 (1.18–1.73) | 0.000 | 1.21 (0.98–1.50) | 0.070 | 32.2 | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 0.076 | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) | 0.364 |
| High SES | 24.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Dermatology | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 16.6 | 0.64 (0.46–0.89) | 0.007 | 0.61 (0.43–0.84) | 0.003 | 19.9 | 0.70 (0.54–0.92) | 0.010 | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) | 0.020 |
| Middle SES | 16.8 | 0.76 (0.62–0.93) | 0.008 | 0.74 (0.61–0.91) | 0.004 | 21.3 | 0.76 (0.63–0.93) | 0.006 | 0.76 (0.63–0.93) | 0.006 |
| High SES | 23.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 27.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Gynaecology | ||||||||||
| Low SES | – | 62.7 | 0.51 (0.39–0.66) | 0.000 | 0.53 (0.40–0.69) | 0.000 | ||||
| Middle SES | – | 75.0 | 0.78 (0.64–0.96) | 0.018 | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | 0.023 | ||||
| High SES | – | 79.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Otorhinolaryngology | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 15.2 | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | 0.341 | 0.74 (0.52–1.07) | 0.108 | 16.0 | 0.83 (0.61–1.14) | 0.262 | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 0.064 |
| Middle SES | 13.6 | 0.87 (0.69–1.08) | 0.197 | 0.80 (0.64–1.02) | 0.067 | 18.5 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.061 | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | 0.024 |
| High SES | 17.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 22.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Internal medicine | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 16.2 | 0.85 (0.62–1.18) | 0.333 | 0.55 (0.38–0.79) | 0.001 | 15.7 | 0.74 (0.54–1.02) | 0.065 | 0.53 (0.36–0.76) | 0.001 |
| Middle SES | 15.5 | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) | 0.240 | 0.75 (0.58–0.97) | 0.032 | 20.0 | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.667 | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) | 0.104 |
| High SES | 20.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 19.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Neurology/psychiatry | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 8.8 | 1.31 (0.79–2.16) | 0.300 | 0.80 (0.48–1.35) | 0.411 | 13.3 | 2.53 (1.69–3.79) | 0.000 | 1.66 (1.06–2.57) | 0.025 |
| Middle SES | 5.4 | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 0.808 | 0.72 (0.49–1.07) | 0.101 | 8.8 | 1.37 (1.00–1.88) | 0.047 | 1.11 (0.78–1.58) | 0.572 |
| High SES | 7.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 6.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Psychotherapyc | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 4.4 | 1.26 (0.67–2.37) | 0.481 | 0.71 (0.32–1.56) | 0.392 | 6.3 | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) | 0.615 | 0.68 (0.36–1.29) | 0.239 |
| Middle SES | 2.8 | 0.85 (0.50–1.44) | 0.537 | 0.52 (0.28–0.95) | 0.034 | 5.6 | 1.19 (0.79–1.78) | 0.409 | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) | 0.924 |
| High SES | 3.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 5.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Radiology | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 18.1 | 1.43 (1.00–2.04) | 0.050 | 0.95 (0.64–1.40) | 0.779 | 19.6 | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | 0.482 | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 0.469 |
| Middle SES | 15.0 | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 0.139 | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.738 | 22.7 | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 0.818 | 0.92 (0.74–1.13) | 0.423 |
| High SES | 13.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 20.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Urology | ||||||||||
| Low SES | 13.2 | 0.90 (0.64–1.28) | 0.568 | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.230 | 6.1 | 1.88 (1.07–3.32) | 0.029 | 1.55 (0.88–2.74) | 0.132 |
| Middle SES | 13.6 | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 0.485 | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) | 0.253 | 4.4 | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) | 0.716 | 0.99 (0.65–1.53) | 0.972 |
| High SES | 14.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
%, 12-month prevalence; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SES, socioeconomic status.
a adjusted for age, age2, migration background, municipal size class, residential region.
b model 1 plus adjustment for health status (self-rated health, chronic illness, global activity limitations, injury/poisoning, diabetes, coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis, arthritis, cancer, depression, anxiety disorder, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema).
c incl. psychological psychotherapy.