Figure 1.

Inhibition of cell death by Xanthomonas type III effectors. An empty vector (EV), a constitutively active form of MEK2 (MEK2^DD), MAP3Kα or the kinase domain of MAP3Kϵ (MAP3KϵKD), driven by the estradiol-inducible XVE expression system, were co-expressed via Agrobacterium in N. benthamiana leaves with the indicated effector protein driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. Expression of MEK2^DD, MAP3Kα and MAP3KϵKD was induced by 17β-estradiol at 24 h after agro-infiltration. (A). Pictures of the infiltrated leaves at 5 days after 17β-estradiol treatment. (B). Quantification of cell death in leaves by measuring electrolyte leakage at 36 h after 17β-estradiol treatment. Values are the mean conductivity ± SE for leaf samples from at least 10 plants. Asterisks indicate a significant difference (Student's t test, P < 0.05) as compared to the empty vector control.